草原管理的生态学理论与概念模式进展

20世纪初期CLEMENTS的演替学说被引入草原科学,标志着草原科学理论的一大进步。在此后相当长的一个时期,以演替学说为代表的平衡生态学理论对全世界草原科学研究和草原资源管理模式产生了深远的影响。然而,20世纪70和80年代以来,平衡生态学和稳态管理模式日益受到批评。一方面,在草原生态系统的研究中发现植被动态表现出非线性特征,而这与传统演替理论和稳态管理观点不一致。另一方面,在世界其他地区开展的研究发现,在美国建立起来的草原科学理论和管理模式,在亚洲、非洲等环境随机干扰比较频繁的生态系统并不适用,因而呼吁研究新的框架模型,以便更准确地解释实际的草原植被动态,更有效地为草原管理提供科技支撑。在此背景下,非平衡生态学应运而生。特别是在东非草原生态系统的研究,提出了生态系统是非平衡的但又是可持续的（持续非平衡模型）的观点。进一步的研究揭示了干（冷）季关键资源相对比例对家畜数量和草原植被的潜在影响。20世纪80年代提出的状态与过渡模型是一个具有重要意义的替代性概念框架,20世纪90年代在美国被应用于草原管理实践,取代了盛行多年的草原基况评价。而非平衡理论则逐渐被后出现的恢复力理论所替代,因为研究发现过去认为的“非平衡态”,被解释为“多平衡态”似乎更为合理。生态恢复力在涉及多稳态生态系统管理的领域得到了广泛应用,特别是复杂的社会生态系统的适应性管理。草原生态学理论的进步,也伴随着草原资源管理模式的平行发展,其中一个极为显著的特征是人类的角色从自然资源的利用者转变成了自然资源的管理者。20世纪草原管理的主要模式被概括为稳态管理,其目标是获得牧草和家畜产品的最大可持续产量。恢复力理论代表了当代生态学最新、最重要的进展,其应用进一步扩展到社会系统与生态系统的耦合──社会生态系统,并促进了适应性管理等概念和方法的发展。目前,上述几种管理模式在草原生态学领域都有不同程度的应用。随着时间的推移,草原生态学理论和管理模式必将得到进一步的发展和整合,从而形成更完善的框架模型,能更加有效地应用于兼具复杂性、适应性和社会性的草原生态系统。     

Conserving the Greater Sage-Grouse: A Social-Ecological Systems Case Study from the California-Nevada Region

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) continues to serve as one of the most powerful and contested federal legislative mandates for conservation. In the midst of heated debates, researchers, policy makers, and conservation practitioners champion the importance of cooperative conservation and social-ecological systems approaches, which forge partnerships at multiple levels and scales to address complex ecosystem challenges. However, few real-world examples exist to demonstrate how multifaceted collaborations among stakeholders who share a common goal of conserving at-risk species may be nested within a systems framework to achieve social and ecological goals. Here, we present a case study of Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) conservation efforts in the “Bi-State” region of California and Nevada, United States. Using key-informant interviews, we explored dimensions and drivers of this landscape-scale conservation effort. Three themes emerged from the interviews, including 1) ESA action was transformed into opportunity for system-wide conservation; 2) a diverse, locally based partnership anchored collaboration and engagement across multiple levels and scales; and 3) best-available science combined with local knowledge led to “certainty of effectiveness and implementation”—the criteria used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service to evaluate conservation efforts when making listing decisions. Ultimately, collaborative conservation through multistakeholder engagement at various levels and scales led to proactive planning and implementation of conservation measures and precluded the need for an ESA listing of the Bi-State population of Greater Sage-grouse. This article presents a potent example of how a systems approach integrating policy, management, and learning can be used to successfully overcome the conflict-laden and “wicked” challenges that surround at-risk species conservation.     

Social Memory and the Resilience of Communities Affected by Land Degradation

Based on evidence collected in 22 village communities from nine study sites situated in Spain, Italy, Greece, Morocco and China, this study analyses the complex interlinkages between social memory, community resilience and land degradation. Social memory is seen as an important explanation regarding the ability of a local community to manage and cope with land degradation. Emphasis is placed on the importance of three components of social memory—rites, traditions and social learning processes—for shaping community resilience in coping with land degradation processes. The study argues that although there are subtle differences between the 22 village communities, the loss of social memory and learning pathways associated with managing land degradation is emerging as a critical factor constraining stakeholders from effectively responding to land degradation issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

兵团精神在当代大学生德育中的价值研究

时代的变迁及社会环境的变化对当代大学生的德育造成了巨大的冲击,而兵团精神中所包含的丰富内涵及其基本特征决定了它在当代大学生思想政治素质与心理品质的培养中将具有极其重要的价值。     

Farmers’ perceptions,knowledge and management of aflatoxins in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India

Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, are the major toxins affecting the quality of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) meant for human consumption. Groundnuts can be infected with aflatoxin-producing fungi pre-harvest, at harvest and post-harvest. This survey was conducted in Gujarat province in India in order to assess farmers’ and other stakeholders’ (extension staff and traders) perceptions and knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts and to evaluate the agronomic and market practices used to manage it. The survey investigated the effects of the socioeconomic background of the farmers. The results showed that the socioeconomic and psychological characteristics, viz. education, caste, farm size, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and perception had positive and significant associations with farmers’ knowledge. The extension staff and traders had a good understanding of the problem and of the importance of managing aflatoxin contamination but farmers did not. Farmers’ who practised effective crop husbandry in order to increase production were unwittingly managing aflatoxin contamination to some extent. Their marketing practises showed that the problem of aflatoxin contamination was neglected at both the production and marketing stages. We suggest that extension agencies need to train farmers in the use of biological control agents, post-harvest management and identification of aflatoxin contamination. Partnerships need to be forged between research institutions, the departments of agriculture of various states, marketing agencies, NGOs, farmers’ groups, consumer groups, agrochemical manufacturers and other stakeholders in order to develop strategies for addressing the problem of aflatoxin contamination.     

社会阶层背景对大学生心理健康影响的研究综述

社会阶层背景对个体的心理健康具有重要影响。围绕父母的收入情况、受教育程度以及职业状况三个方面对大学生心理健康的影响,国内学者进行了大量研究。本文试图从社会阶层分析的三个指标性维度呈现该领域的研究进展和现状,并就今后可以深入的研究方向和采用的视角提出相关的建议。     

略论大学生心理健康问题预防体系的构建

在概括、分析新时期大学生心理健康问题的表现、成因的基础上,强调大学生心理健康问题预防体系构建的紧迫性和重要性,着眼于发展性原则,定位于预防,从“自助体系”和“他助体系”的路径选择思路探讨了大学生心理健康问题预防体系的构建。     

阿拉善草地健康评价的CVOR指数

依据草原发生学原理,确定了阿拉善草地生态系统健康评价的参照系统,用当地水热因子重建参照系统的初级生产力和植被组成等主要特征,作为评价现有草地健康的参照指标.根据多维生态位理论以及地境要素之间的定量关系,用土壤有机碳作为评价草地基况的重要指标.在地境-牧草界面,围绕生产力形成及其分布格局这一关键生态过程,建立草地健康评价的CVOR综合指数和测算模型,并应用于阿拉善草地的健康评价.结果表明,CVOR能够定量放牧压力和封育对草地健康的作用,避免各单项指标容易造成的误差,揭示VOR不能完全反映的草地健康信息.认为,生态系统健康更多地依赖于管理水平,CVOR具有综合、简单、准确、适用的特点.     

园林植物挥发性气体对人体健康的影响

城市大面积种植园林植物,而园林植物的挥发性气体能直接或间接地对人体的身心健康产生影响,需引起广泛关注。园林植物的挥发性气体对人体健康的影响直接表现在对人体心理、生理的响应,或通过改变城市环境等间接途径来影响人体健康。在心理方面,植物挥发性气体能调节情绪及舒缓压力,提高认知能力和想象力,有积极的心理暗示作用;在生理方面,植物挥发性气体能产生刺激作用,减低血压,调节心率和脑活动,提高人体免疫力。植物挥发性气体还可以通过抑制微生物生长、调控昆虫行为、影响城市生态环境等方面间接改善人体健康。因挥发性气体的化学成分较为复杂,既会对人体有一定功效,也会产生一定负面影响。在进行康复景观植物规划与设计时,可根据植物挥发性气体的作用来进行植物选择和群落配置,以实现植物景观对人体康健的作用。     

中学新生心理素质与社交焦虑的关系:自尊和领悟社会支持的中介作用

为探讨中学新生心理素质、自尊、领悟社会支持和社交焦虑间的关系,以及自尊和领悟社会支持在心理素质与社交焦虑之间所起的作用,采用中学生心理素质问卷(简化版)、自尊量表、领悟社会支持量表和社交回避及苦恼量表收集1 120名在校中学新生的数据并进行分析.结果发现:(1)中学新生的心理素质、自尊、领悟社会支持以及社交焦虑四者之间两两显著相关;心理素质能正向预测自尊与领悟社会支持,负向预测社交焦虑.(2)自尊和领悟社会支持在心理素质与社交焦虑间起连续中介作用.