The effects of temperature and photoperiod on egg hatching success,egg production and population growth of the calanoid copepod,Acartia grani (Calanoida: Acartiidae)

Calanoid copepods, including species of the genus Acartia, are commonly used as larval diets for marine finfish. This study aimed to determine the separate effects of water temperature (18, 22, 24, 28° ± 0.5°C) and photoperiod (24L:0D; 18L:6D; 12L:12D; 8L:18D; 0L:24D) on Acartia grani egg production (EP), hatching rate (EHR) and population growth. Egg production rate was not affected by the two abiotic parameters. A. grani eggs incubated at T24°C and T28°C were the first to achieve 50% hatching rate (23–25 hr), with significant differences at the end of the experiment (48 hr) between T28°C treatment (EHR 88 ± 5%) and T18°C treatment (EHR 65 ± 2%). However, different temperature regimes did not affect final number of individuals in population growth experiment. Still, when eggs were excluded from data, population at lower temperatures (18°C) was mainly composed by the nauplii stage (72%), while at higher temperatures (24°C and 28°C) more than 60% of the population was composed by copepodites and adults. A. grani subjected to long‐day photoperiods had significantly lower EHR (16.7% at 24L:0D; 20.8% at 18L:6D) than at short‐day photoperiods (52.6% at 6L:18D; 50.0% at 0L:24D). In population growth experiment, eggs were the most common life stage after 12‐day culture. Lowest population number was found at constant light conditions (665.0 ± 197.1), suggesting higher metabolic rates and depletion of energy reserves in long‐day conditions. This study expanded knowledge on the biological response of A. grani to separate temperature and photoperiod regimes, and provided ground to improve the culture of this potential life feed species for hatcheries.     

苗期不同光周期处理对苦瓜性别分化及相关生理特性的影响

以2个苦瓜品种(‘如玉33号’和‘如玉41号’)为材料,研究4种不同光周期处理后的雌花节率、内源氧化酶类活性和可溶性蛋白质含量变化。结果表明:适当短光照(8、10h)处理使苦瓜雌花节率、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量升高,CAT和SOD活性降低;长光照(14h)处理使苦瓜雌花节率、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,CAT和SOD活性升高。综合分析表明在幼苗期‘如玉33号’8h光周期处理和‘如玉41号’10h光周期处理的促进雌花形成效果最佳。     

短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育时期短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【方法】以小豆早熟品种白红2号和晚熟品种唐山红小豆为试验材料,于出苗-分枝、分枝-开花和出苗-开花3个生育时期进行短日照(10h光/14h暗)诱导,研究其对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【结果】2个小豆品种出苗至开花和鼓粒至成熟期的时间均较对照(自然光照)提前,白红2号的处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)、处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)开花至结荚期分别提前3和1d,所需积温和累积日照时数减少,处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)延迟1d;唐山红小豆3个处理的开花至结荚期及2个品种结荚至鼓粒期的时间都延迟,所需积温和累积日照时数增加。白红2号各处理的籽粒长、籽粒宽、单粒质量、单粒体积及千粒质量较对照升高,但差异不显著;唐山红小豆处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)的籽粒长、籽粒宽和单粒体积较对照稍有增加,其余处理都降低,单粒质量和千粒质量各处理都降低,其中处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)和处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)与对照差异显著,处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)与对照差异不显著。2个品种的发芽率较对照升高且晚熟品种更明显。经短日照处理后,2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖、蛋白和总氨基酸含量有不同程度的降低,白红2号的淀粉含量较对照升高,唐山红小豆降低,但差异均不显著;不同生育时期经短日照诱导后的累积日照时数与2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖和蛋白含量极显著正相关,与总氨基酸含量显著正相关,与白红2号籽粒中的淀粉含量达到显著相关,而与唐山红小豆籽粒中的淀粉含量相关性不显著。【结论】短日照诱导使2个小豆品种在不同生育时期的积温和累积日照时间不同,籽粒品质下降,分枝-开花这一生育时期对小豆籽粒品质的影响最大。     

Is the nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) related to the accumulated forage mass?

The aim of this work was to investigate whether neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) are related to tall fescue accumulated forage mass (AFM) and to assess the relevance of environmental variables to predict the nutritive value of tall fescue swards. Three experiments were carried out in Pergamino, Argentina. To obtain swards with different amounts of AFM, two N levels and two irrigation regimes were applied in the spring after sowing and the autumn of the next year. In spring and autumn, AFM, NDF and DMD were measured every 10–12 days. In spring, NDF increased from 503 to 604 g kg^?1, DMD decreased from 684 to 558 g kg^?1 and AFM increased from 0·64 to 2·82 t DM ha^?1. In autumn, NDF decreased from 543 to 442 g kg^?1, DMD increased from 591 to 681 g kg^?1 and AFM increased from 0·35 to 1·10 t DM ha^?1. The results show that the nutritive value of tall fescue through the year is not related to the accumulation of dry matter of the sward. Nutritive value is determined by the reproductive stage in late spring and early summer, the fate of photosynthates at different times of the year and the synthesis of non‐digestible compounds.     

太湖流域晚粳品种抽穗期的遗传分析

 设置人工长短日照、高低温环境对太湖流域20份晚粳水稻品种的光、温敏感性及基本营养生长期进行分析,结果表明,这20份晚粳品种都表现出强感光性,而且多数品种基本营养生长期较短,具有较强的感温性,抽穗期长短与品种的感光性呈显著正相关。利用一套抽穗期主基因近等基因系分析这些晚粳品种的抽穗期基因型,结果表明, 太湖流域晚粳品种几乎都同时携带主效显性感光等位基因E1和显性早熟等位基因Ef 1,在E2位点主要为非感光等位基因e2,在E3位点,部分品种携带感光等位基因E3或E3t;在Se 1位点,携带的主要是非感光等位基因Se 1e,还有部分品种为主效显性感光等位基因Se 1n;另外,大部分品种还携带可以部分抑制Se 1、E1表达的隐性感光抑制因子hd2。     

Thoughts and Practice on Some Problems about Research and Application of Two-Line Hybrid Rice

The main problems about research and application of two-line hybrid rice were reviewed, including the confusing nomenclature and male sterile lines classification, the unclear characteristics of photoperiod and temperature responses and the unsuitable site selection for male sterile line and hybrid rice seed production. In order to efficiently and accurately use dual-purpose genic male sterile lines, four types, including PTGMS (photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), TGMS (thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), reverse PTGMS and reverse TGMS, were proposed. A new idea for explaining the mechanism of sterility in dual-purpose hybrid rice was proposed. The transition from sterile to fertile was involved in the cooperative regulation of major-effect sterile genes and photoperiod and/or temperature sensitive ones. The minor-effect genes with accumulative effect on sterility were important factors that affected the critical temperature of sterility transfer. In order to make better use of dual-purpose lines, the characterization of responses to photoperiod and temperature of PTGMS should be made and the identification method for the characterization of photoperiod and temperature responses of PTGMS should also be put forward. The optimal ecological site for seed production could be determined according to the historical climate data and the requirements for the meteorological conditions during the different periods of seed production.     

Grain dormancy in fixed lines of white-grained wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) grown under controlled environmental conditions

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be a significant problem, causing deleterious effects on grain quality. However, the adverse impacts of PHS can be reduced by introgressing genes controlling grain dormancy into white-grained bread wheat. Screening for grain dormancy typically involves germination testing of harvest-ripe grain grown in a glasshouse or field. However, the more uniform environmental conditions provided by temperature controlled glasshouses (i.e. controlled environmental conditions—CEC) may provide significant benefits for the assessment of grain dormancy. In this study, the dormancy phenotype of grain grown under CEC incorporating an extended photoperiod, was compared with 2 years of data from field grown material. Four dormant double haploid lines (derived from SW95-50213 and AUS1408) and two locally adapted non-dormant cultivars EGA Gregory and EGA Wills were compared in three replicated experiments grown under CEC (22 ± 3°C and 24 h photoperiod). The germination response of harvest-ripe grain was examined to assess the expression of grain dormancy. Two measures of germination, the predicted time to 50% germination (G ₅₀) and a weighted germination index, both clearly differentiated dormant and non-dormant lines grown under CEC. In addition, levels of grain dormancy were similar to field-grown plants. These results demonstrated that CEC with an extended photoperiod can be used for rapid and reliable characterisation of grain dormancy in fixed lines of bread wheat.     

温度和光照对双齿围沙蚕卵细胞生长的影响

通过研究不同温度和光照时间条件下双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis卵细胞的生长状况,分析了沙蚕卵细胞发育与环境因子的关系.结果表明:对于卵黄合成期的双齿围沙蚕,升温和延长光照时间可以加速卵细胞生长.在直接升温且光照周期为L: D=16: 8和L: D=8: 16的条件下,沙蚕卵细胞的生长速度分别为(2.46±0.06)×10~(-2)、(2.26±0.1)×10~(-2)μm~3/d;在经历低温后再升温且光照周期为L: D=16: 8和L: D=8: 16的条件下,沙蚕卵细胞的生长速度分别为(3.21±0.09)×10~(-2)、(2.56±0.05)×10~(-2)μm~3/d.双因素方差分析结果显示:恒定低温对卵黄合成期的沙蚕卵细胞快速生长有促进作用,其与未经历低温的沙蚕卵细胞生长速度比较差异极显著(P<0.01);光照对卵细胞生长速度的影响差异极显著(P<0.01);低温和光照的交互作用对沙蚕卵细胞的生长速度影响差异极显著(P<0.01).另外,低温对沙蚕卵径变异系数影响极显著(P<0.01),光照对沙蚕卵细胞变异系数影响不显著(P>0.05),低温和光照对卵细胞变异系数的交互影响不显著(P>0.05).     

同光周期红光对油葵芽苗菜生长和品质的影响

采用发光二极管（light emitting diode,LED）精确调制红光（630 ± 20）nm的光强及光周期,研究不同光周期LED红光对油葵芽苗菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明：随着光周期从0延长至12 h · d-1,油葵芽苗菜下胚轴长显著降低,子叶面积显著增加;而随着光周期从0延长至16 h · d-1时,芽苗菜叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著提高;全株鲜质量和淀粉含量在光周期为16 h · d-1时均有显著提高;维生素C的含量随光周期延长呈现逐渐提高的趋势,而游离氨基酸含量、SOD和CAT活性均呈现降低趋势。总体而言,红光光周期设置在16 h · d-1时有利于促进油葵芽苗菜生长和部分品质改善。     

短日照诱导对小豆生长发育、光合和荧光参数的影响

为明确短日照对小豆生长发育、光合和荧光参数的影响,采用不同生育时期短日照诱导处理来调查小豆的形态指标、开花时间及开花节位,在开花期和结荚期测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光。结果表明,与对照相比,短日照诱导使小豆的株高降低、平均茎粗和主茎节数变小、白红2号在开花期和结荚期的节间长度升高,唐山红小豆降低;短日照诱导使小豆的花期提前并降低开花节位;短日照诱导使2个品种的净光合速率在开花期明显升高,在结荚期降低,气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率在开花期无明显变化,在结荚期,白红2号明显降低,唐山红小豆升高;短日照诱导对开花期的叶绿素含量无明显影响,在结荚期明显降低,与对照相比,白红2号在开花期和结荚期的Fv/Fm升高,唐山红小豆在开花期变化规律不明显,在结荚期升高;短日照诱导使小豆的产量构成因素及产量呈下降趋势。以上结果说明短日照诱导对花荚期小豆的生长发育、光合参数及产量具有调控作用。