Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.     

最新欧盟茶叶中农药最高残留限量

中国茶叶杂志报道了我国对欧出口茶叶中农药残留严重超标状况,本文结合欧盟新修订的茶叶中农药最高残留限量（MRL）,特别从2000年7月1日起对菊酯类和其它一些农药执行新的限量规定,如对氰戊菊酯现规定的MRL为0．1mg/kg比原先规定的10mg/kg下调了100倍等情况提出几项建议。     

饲料中有机氯农药残留检测方法的研究

本实验建立了饲料中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留的气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析方法。试样经丙酮提取,硅胶层析柱净化后,用GC-μECD测定其中农药残留量。有机氯农药浓度在5.00～500.00ng/mLp,p’-DDD相关系数除为0.9960外,其余均大于0.998,线性关系良好;检测限除o,p’-DDT和p,p’-DDT为10μg/kg外,其余农药为5μg/kg;添加有机氯农药50μg/kg水平时回收率为77.1%～113.4%,添加200μg/kg时回收率为75.8%～107.3%;相对标准偏差为2.3%～11.1%。本方法对饲料中有机氯农药残留分析结果准确可靠。     

Tissue-specific antioxidative and neurotoxic responses to diazinon in Oreochromis niloticus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress and neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide diazinon in the sentinel freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein levels were measured spectrophotometrically in gill, kidney, alimentary tract, and muscle tissues of fish treated with sub-lethal diazinon concentrations for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. Dose-dependent inhibitions of AChE were observed in all the experimental fish. On the contrary of alimentary tract, MDA levels were elevated in kidney and muscle and gill was not affected. AChE and MDA levels intercorrelated in kidney and muscle tissues. Diazinon had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all the tissues, while kidney was the most affected tissue. Tissue-specific alterations were observed on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; however, the activities were not changed in gill and muscle tissues for GPx and in gill, muscle, and kidney tissues for CAT. Protein levels decreased in kidney, muscle, and alimentary tract, while increased in gill and alimentary tract in 15 days. With respect to these results, diazinon has oxidative and neurotoxic potentials in O. niloticus. Observed changes with diazinon treatment were generally tissue-specific and dose-dependent.     

中华蜜蜂对荔枝园常见化学农药的触角电位反应

利用触角电生理技术测定了中华蜜蜂对荔枝园常用10种化学农药的触角电位反应（EAG）。结果表明，中华蜜蜂对不同化学农药品种的EAG反应值各不相同，其中高效顺反氯氰菊酯引发的EAG反应值最大，而生绿Bt粉剂引发的EAG反应值最小，两者间的差异达到极显著水平。这些农药品种引发中华蜜蜂EAG反应值的大小顺序为：高效顺反氯氰菊酯〉乐斯本乳油〉乐果乳油〉杀虫双水剂〉农地乐〉敌杀死乳油〉阿维菌素乳油〉灭百可乳油〉敌百虫乳油〉生绿Bt粉剂。这些研究结果可为我们从保护授粉蜜蜂的角度出发，在荔枝园中有选择性地施用对蜜蜂不敏感的农药品种提供有益参考。     

我国农药科学之发展

中国是世界农药生产大国,生产能力已达100万吨左右,约1/2产品出口到世界农药市场。半个多世纪以来中国农药的发展趋势基本上与世界农药的发展同步。近年来已开始自主合成新农药,有21种已获得中国专利。农药毒理学是农药研究开发的重要基础研究领域,是新农药研究开发之本,不论在新化合物的合成筛选还是农药的剂型和制剂开发利用方面,生理毒理学和宏观毒理学的深入研究都将为新农药的研究开发提供强大的推动力。本文介绍了世界某些重要农药生产公司在新农药研发方面的成功经验,可供中国新农药和农药剂型及制剂研究开发部门共享。     

Pesticide use and residues on Queensland wool

Objective To determine practices for control of louse infestation and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks that are associated with organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on wool.
Design Information on residues was obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. The association between pesticide use and residues was assessed using generalised linear models, controlling for potential confounding by flock location.
Procedure Between 1995 and 1997 Queensland wool clips were randomly sampled. Samples were tested for the presence and amount (mg per kg of greasy wool) of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested.
Results The median amount of OP and SP residue was 0.8 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, and 91 and 95% of wool samples contained < 8 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The frequency of OP pesticide use for louse control was significantly (P = 0.005) associated with mean OP residue amount, and the timing of SP use for louse control, in relation to shearing, was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with mean SP residue amount.
Conclusion Most Queensland wool clips have acceptable amounts of residues after the use of OP and SP pesticides, but wool growers can further reduce residues by effectively controlling louse infestation with pesticide applications early after shearing and the use of non-chemical methods of ectoparasite control.     

农药产品中添加未经登记成分的调查与分析

通过连续6年的福建省农药市场监测,对擅自添加未经登记农药成分的278份样品进行统计分析,研究表明:被添加农药的产品主要为杀虫剂,剂型主要为乳油、可湿性粉剂,多登记在蔬菜、果树、茶树、水稻、棉花上;添加的农药品种主要为有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,其防治对象与原产品相比有的属于防治谱相同,有的属于扩大杀虫谱。同时指出该行为的危害性,提出加强监管、出台检测标准和判定标准的建议。     

甘蓝中灭多威农药残留分析方法

本文介绍了检测甘蓝中灭多威膛药残留的方法.在高速匀浆机中用乙腈提取后,并用安捷伦的氨基柱(500mg;6ml)进行净化,用高效液相色谱仪测定,外标法定量.检测波长239nm;色谱柱 Analytical TC-C18 4.6mm×250mm;;流动相为乙腈:水=85:15 (v/v);标准曲线相关系数1.0000.该方法简便、快速,结果准确.     

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识的提高，食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视。为此，对样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展进行综述，并简单介绍各种方法的优缺点。