稻虾生态种养和机插密度对优良食味粳稻产量与品质的影响

为了解稻虾生态种养对太湖区域优良食味粳稻产量与品质的影响,以期为稻虾复合种养模式提供决策参考。选用5个优良食味粳稻品种（系）,进行稻虾复合种养和宽窄行两种栽插密度处理,分析水稻产量与品质形成特点。与常规大田栽培比较,稻虾种养显著改善土壤理化性状,有效穗数显著增加,但茎蘖成穗率、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量显著降低;稻虾种养显著改善垩白性状,蛋白质和直链淀粉含量显著增加,崩解值和糊化温度升高,消减值降低;降低栽插密度能改善稻米品质;稻虾种养对品质的影响不同品种之间存在差异,种植模式与品种之间互作对稻米品质有显著影响。长期稻虾共作稻田宜选用适宜的优良食味品种,适量减施氮肥和减少栽插密度可以实现水稻安全稳产,改善稻米的食味品质。     

作物种植模式对土壤微生物和农田有害生物的影响

土壤是联系地上和地下生态系统的纽带,土壤微生物在土壤养分循环和作物吸收中起关键作用,被称为土壤质量的指标。土壤微生物通过分解土壤有机物,促进养分循环利用,并调控植物生长发育,随着现代农业种植结构的变化,特别是种植制度的改变,地上植物种类和生长状况常常影响土壤中微生物的群落结构和多样性,调控着作物生长发育,农田有害生物的发生,而影响农作物生产。综述了现代农业中几种主要种植模式,如轮作、连作和覆盖等对土壤微生物群落结构及与农作物有害生物的影响,强调科学合理选择种植模式的重要性,最后,讨论了这些种植模式有待深入研究的一些关键问题。     

不同种植年限桃树根区土壤肥力变异特征

果树根际土壤肥力是果树生长的基础,本研究通过对种植年限为5、10、15、20年桃树根区土壤理化和生物学性状变化进行分析,以期揭示不同种植年限桃园根际土壤肥力的变异特征,探明影响桃树产量和品质主要土壤肥力因子,为不同种植年限桃树生产管理提供理论依据。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,土壤粘粒、粉粒含量增加,但土壤质地未改变;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量呈增加趋势;土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性以种植年限15年达到最大值;土壤真菌和细菌数量随种植年限增加呈减少趋势;土壤微生物量氮含量逐年降低。土壤肥力因子之间存在一定相关性,不同土壤肥力因子间的交互关系影响桃园土壤肥力变化,其中土壤有机质、微生物量碳以及土壤酶活性是影响土壤肥力的主要因素。桃树产量以种植年限15年最大,种植年限超过15年桃品质下降,土壤肥力因子中土壤速效钾、有机质、微生物量碳含量及脲酶活性是影响桃产量和品质（可溶性固形物）的主要因素。     

四川省攀枝花市烟农种植意愿及影响因素分析

为稳定烟农队伍,引导烟农高质量生产,促进烟草行业的可持续发展,运用二元Logistic模型和攀枝花市3个烤烟主产区242户烟农的调查数据,分析农户种植烟草的意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,户主的年龄及参加农业专业知识培训的经历对烟农种植意愿具有正向的显著性影响,农户是否兼业、农户的家庭人口数量及非烟作物收入对烟农种植意愿具有负向的显著性影响。由此建议加强专业知识培训、引导烟农专业化生产、优化农村农业从业人口结构,这将有利于正向强化烟农生产积极性,进而通过种植经济作物达到农民收入持续增长、地区农业稳步发展的效果。     

广东省水稻生产的现状及对策

广东地处亚热带,气温高、日照长,具备水稻优质高产的天然气候条件,有着悠久的水稻种植历史,是中国13大粮食主产区,自矮化育种以来创造了“粤稻现象”的辉煌成绩。然而,多年来,广东大米自给率仅为30%左右,对其他地区大米的依赖程度相对较高。随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发和蔓延,广东的大米安全受到一定程度的影响。在这种新形势下,本研究通过查阅《中国农业统计年鉴》《广东统计年鉴》《广东农村统计年鉴》等相关资料,调研了广东水稻生产的现状并分析其存在的问题,针对问题提出要通过政策引导、加强突破性品种培育、构建完善的推广示范体系、数字化销售渠道及延伸水稻价值链,推动产业的发展。     

基于作物空间信息特征的灌区种植结构优化研究

针对目前北方许多大型灌区种植结构不合理、农业需水量偏大、水资源紧缺等问题,提出了一种基于作物空间信息特征的种植结构优化方法,通过调整种植结构和优化空间分布,减少农业需水量,提高农业效益。利用地统计学(GS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的空间处理能力,分区计算了灌区多年平均参考作物需水量(ET0)和作物需水量(ETc),并统计分区内作物单产和产值信息;构建了基于作物空间信息特征的多目标优化模型,设计了2种作物种植结构方案。结果表明,与传统多目标种植结构优化模型相比,基于作物空间信息特征的种植结构优化方法在节水效果和农业效益上都有一定的优势。     

Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population

Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress were assessed in both parents and 198 progeny of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) full‐sibling mapping population. This was carried out in metre‐deep tubes of sand culture in a glasshouse experiment. The proportion of root dry matter (DM) weight in the top 10 cm of sand ranged from 0·33 to 0·75 and values of log₁₀(1 ? K), where K is the constant for an exponential model relating root DM weight and root depth, also showed wide variation among genotypes. The proportion of a pulse of ¹⁵N recovered in whole plants ranged from 0·124 to 0·431. There was a positive linear correlation between the proportion of ¹⁵N recovered and plant total DM weight, but no relationship between nitrate interception and patterns of distribution of DM weight of roots. Some genotypes responded to moisture stress by increasing root growth, and in others root growth was inhibited. It is concluded that this below‐ground variability in root variables may be an evolutionary adaptation by plant populations to survive heterogeneity in soil biotic and edaphic factors.     

Effect of long-term changes in relative resource availability on dietary preference of grazing sheep for perennial ryegrass and white clover

Three replicate paddocks, each of 0·235 ha, containing adjacent monocultures of perennial ryegrass or white clover [50:50 by ground area, 6 cm sward surface height (SSH) at start of experiment] were continuously stocked with three yearling and four mature non-lactating, non-pregnant Scottish halfbred ewes for 12 weeks. Herbage intake, grazing behaviour and dietary selection were measured on seven occasions. Clover SSH declined rapidly over the first 5 weeks then stabilized at 1·2–1·6 cm, whereas perennial ryegrass SSH rose slightly initially, then declined gradually. Animals initially included proportionately c . 0·6 white clover in their diet but, by the end of the experiment, this had fallen to 0·3. Total daily herbage intake declined over the 12 weeks from 1·8 kg dry matter (DM) day^–1 at the start to 1·0 kg DM day^–1. Total grazing time increased from 561 min day^–1 to 649 min day^–1 at the end of the experiment. The results suggest that, despite overall herbage depletion and a greater depletion of white clover than perennial ryegrass as a result of the initial partial preference for white clover, the animals traded-off a reduced total intake and an increased grazing time in an attempt to maintain their initial preferred dietary composition.     

Cultural control measures to diminish sorghum yield loss and parasite success under Striga hermonthica infestation

Prospects of reducing Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. parasitism by means of cultural control measures were assessed. In a pot experiment, deep planting, the use of transplants and shallow soil-tillage, strongly delayed and reduced Striga infection of a sensitive and a tolerant sorghum cultivar. Application of all three measures combined resulted in a four-week delay in first emergence of the parasite, a reduced number of emerged Striga plants and a decimation of Striga dry weight. With the sensitive cultivar CK-60B a yield loss of 92% was reduced to 26%, whereas with the tolerant cultivar Tiemarifing application of the cultural control measures completely cancelled out a yield loss of 28%. Evaluation of these cultural measures under field conditions in Mali resulted in a strong reduction in Striga-infection level (85%). At the same time, the measures did not result in delayed first emergence of the parasite and had no beneficial effect on crop yield. It was argued that the presence of a natural Striga soil seed bank, with seeds throughout the tilth, might be an important reason for the reduced effectiveness of the proposed cultural control measures under field conditions.     

In vitro total and methane gas production as influenced by rate of nitrogen application, season of harvest and perennial ryegrass cultivar

The effects of rate of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 80 or 160 kg N ha^?1 per regrowth), season of harvest (regrowths 1, 2 and 3) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar [classified as having either a normal or elevated water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration genotype] on in vitro gas production and digestibility were assessed. Increased N fertilizer application significantly decreased total gas production (TGP), methane (CH₄) production and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The results suggest that the decreases in TGP and CH₄ production were associated with a restriction in organic matter (OM) fermentation and an altered crude protein (CP) to structural carbohydrate ratio rather than a modification in the stoichiometry of fermentation. Season of harvest only significantly (P < 0·05) altered in vitro OMD and CH₄ production at 8 h, despite altering the chemical composition of the herbage. Cultivar effects on all measured in vitro parameters were not significant presumably because the elevated WSC concentration trait was not expressed strongly in the study.