Allocation of photosynthetic products in soybean during the early stages of nodule formation

Abstract

A time-course study examining the current photosynthate allocation of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cv. Williams was conducted in relation to nodule initiation. Whole shoots were exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ for 120 min and the distribution of radioactivity in each organ was determined. During the early stages of nodule formation (i.e. 4, 6 and 8 days after inoculation) the ¹⁴C distribution to the inoculated roots did not increase when compared with uninoculated control roots. In addition, the ¹⁴C respired by underground parts was similar in both the inoculated and the control roots. Eight days after inoculation, the accumulation of starch and sugar was similar in both inoculated and uninoculated plants. These results indicate that photosynthate allocation for nodule initiation does not increase markedly during the early stages of nodule formation. After the emergence of the nodules, photosynthate allocation to the inoculated roots gradually increased. In addition, the consumption of current photosynthate by the respiration of underground parts increased at day 12 after inoculation, but did not increase at day 8 after inoculation.     

Formation and decay of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in soil and water under tropical conditions

Mancozeb is a fungicide frequently used in tropical countries. It rapidly decomposes into ethylenethiourea (ETU), a more stable and toxic metabolite than mancozeb that is, therefore, regarded as a pollutant of concern. The objective was to study ETU formation and decay kinetics in soil and water under tropical conditions in order to assess its potential for accumulation. Batch experiments, spiked with either mancozeb or ETU, were carried out under natural (= active) as well as tyndallized conditions. In active soils, dissipation of ETU occurred significantly faster (half‐life 1.5 h) than in tyndallized soils (half‐life time 28 h). In water under natural and sterile conditions, decay was slower than in soils with an ETU half‐life time of 115 and 99 h, respectively. Microbial activity was seen to play an important role in ETU dissipation in soil. However, in water nonbiological processes seem to be more important in the breakdown of the molecule, with hydrolysis being the most probable decay mechanism. Decay of both mancozeb and ETU was found to occur more rapidly than previously reported. The high humidity and temperatures under the simulated humid tropical conditions, and higher microbial activity, lead to more rapid decay of these molecules than under other conditions. Nevertheless, a concentration of 1.29 mg ETU L^–1 was still observed 8 d after adding mancozeb (20.83 mg L^–1) to water under humid tropical conditions. These results suggest that, in comparable regions in the humid tropics, it is unlikely that ETU would accumulate in soil but it represents a potential risk for accumulation in water bodies.     

团头鲂血细胞发生的研究

本文研究了团头鲂造血器官的血液细胞学和组织学。脾脏的脾髓,肾脏的管间组织、肝脏的窦状隙和小肠的粘膜下层是团头鲂的造血区。在一年中各个造血器官产生各种血细胞的数目变化很大,而且母细胞从造血器官释放入外周血有一成熟过程。对红细胞的发育有一较清晰的了解。嗜中性粒细胞的早期形态和成熟形态也能区别,但有关单核细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞的发育过程还有待于进一步探讨。     

老芒麦种子离区酶活变化及组织学分析

通过对青藏高原东北缘6种野生老芒麦不同时期种子离区组织结构的观察和细胞壁水解酶活性的测定,在组织学和生理学层面阐释老芒麦种子落粒的成因。结果表明,老芒麦种子离区结构的形成时期早于种子脱落,离层由2~3层小体积、椭圆形的细胞紧凑排列组成且这些细胞木质化程度高于周围组织细胞,低落粒材料离层木质化细胞数量多于高落粒材料;低落粒材料在种子成熟期无明显的离层断裂,其断裂面粗糙,离层结构完整,而高落粒材料在种子成熟期出现明显的离层断裂,断裂面光滑且离层结构不完整;6种材料纤维素酶(CE)与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的变化趋势在种子发育各时期均有差异,落粒关键期(抽穗后4~5周)这两种酶活性均与种子脱落密切相关;供试材料在落粒关键期CE与PG活性排序一致,且与同时期电镜观察结果相近;高落粒材料XH09在落粒关键期的两种酶活性均为最高(XH09_CE=479.52 IU·L^-1,XH09_PG=188.87 pg·mL^-1),而低落粒材料ZHN03两种酶活性均为最低。研究表明,老芒麦高落粒与低落粒材料在离层木质化程度、断裂面光滑度、离层结构完整性及落粒关键期细胞壁水解酶活性等方面具有差异。同时,离层木质化程度与落粒关键期细胞壁水解酶活性是造成野生老芒麦种子脱落的重要因素。     

Functional relationships of nodulation response and biomass production at nursery stages of two fast-growing, leguminousmultipurpose tree species in Bangladesh: Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala

This study was carried out to assess the relationship of the status of nodulation （i.e., the number of nodules, their shape and size） in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters （i.e., number of leaves, root and shoot lengths, root biomass and shoot biomass） in Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala. The assessment started 60 days after seeding. The study revealed that nodulation response and biomass production in both species showed significant dif- ferences over time （p 〈 0.05） in all variables except in the root-shoot ratio （oven-dry） of L. leucocephala. The study also showed significant differences （p 〈 0.05） in nodule formation and biomass production at the end of the study period be- tween the two species except in the number of nodules and leaves and the green root-shoot ratio. There were strong pos- itive correlations between nodule formation and biomass production, i.e., the number of nodules and the age of plants, the number of nodules and leaves, as well as the number of nodules and biomass （root biomass and shoot biomass） in both species. The results obtained using principal component analysis （PCA） and correlation coefficients of the different characteristics of nodulation and biomass production were similar in both species. The PCA showed that shoot biomass （shoot green weight and shoot oven-dry weight） is positively correlated with PC1 （with an eigenvalue of 7.50） and root length is positively correlated with PC2 （with an eigenvalue of 0.19） in the case of A. saman. In the case of L. leucocephala, the PCA revealed that root biomass （root green weight and root oven-dry weight）, shoot biomass and shoot length are also positively correlated with PC1, while nodule formation and the number of leaves are positively correlated with PC2 （with an eigenvalue PC1 of 6.92 and PC2 of 0.49）.     

幼穗形成期水分胁迫后复水对水稻叶片光合特性及物质生产的影响

以杂交籼稻品种冈优527为试材,于幼穗形成期设置短期轻度水分胁迫（ Short and light water stress ,SLS）、长期轻度水分胁迫（ Long and light water stress ,LLS）、短期重度水分胁迫（ Short and heavy water stress ,SHS）以及长期重度水分胁迫（Long and heavy water stress,LHS）4个水分处理,并以习惯水层灌溉（Traditional flooding,TF）为对照。研究复水后水稻叶片光合特性、干物质积累与运转。试验结果显示：在幼穗形成期水分胁迫后,水稻叶面积、叶绿素a/b、SPAD值、净光合速率均降低;短期轻度水分胁迫（ SLS）处理复水后叶面积、叶绿素a/b、SPAD值、净光合速率均远远高于对照,同时茎鞘物质转化率和输出率也都高于其他水分处理。结果说明：在幼穗形成期,经过短期轻度干旱复水后,叶绿素、光合速率、叶面积等能迅速恢复甚至激发更高的光合水平,表现为后期干物质积累多、转运高,能达到节水的效果。     

Long-term frozen storage of wheat bread and dough – Effect of time,temperature and fibre on sensory quality,microstructure and state of water

The objective of this study was to determine effect of storage time, storage temperature and addition of fibre on sensory quality, state of water, microstructure and texture of bread and dough.     

施氮量对超级早稻产量形成与氮利用效率的影响

以株两优819和陆两优996为材料,研究了施氮量对超级早稻产量形成、稻米品质与氮利用效率的影响.结果表明：（1）施氮使超级早稻显著增产,株两优819增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数,而陆两优996增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重;（2）两组合N 225 kg/hm2处理较N 150 kg/hm2处理显著减产;（3）两组合稻米蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而升高,直链淀粉含量随施氮量增加而降低;（4）超级早稻产量与叶面积、干物质积累量呈正相关,与粒叶比呈负相关;（5）随施氮量增加,两组合的氮素累积量显著提高,氮肥利用率、氮肥效率、氮素吸收效率、氮生理效率、氮素利用效率显著降低.本试验条件下,施N150 kg/hm2能使超级早稻获得较高产量,同时获得较高氮肥利用率、氮素吸收与利用效率.     

预制装配式圆竹结构房屋的试验与应用

选用我国丰富的毛竹作为结构材料,对圆竹的主要物理力学指标进行了试验与分析.研究结果表明,圆竹的基本力学指标高于TC13级针叶木材,可以作为结构材料使用.设计了几种圆竹构件和结构的金属连接件,基本实现了圆竹构件加工的标准化和施工的预制化.设计了基于墙板模数的圆竹墙体单元,并对2片墙体进行了抗侧力试验,圆竹墙体的抗侧力性能与U型连接件密切相关,抗侧向能力约为同类型轻型木结构墙体的65%.进行了3个圆竹屋架的静载试验,结果表明屋架的极限承载力由变形控制,平均值为12.3 kN.根据试验结果和木结构设计规范,设计和建造了一个约50 m2的预制装配式圆竹房屋示范建筑,验证了该技术的可行性和适用性.示范建筑已使用3年多,目前状况良好.     

临夏地区春季经济花果树类及农作物霜冻灾害形成条件及防御对策

应用常规的气象资料,分析了1980—2012年临夏春季28例霜冻灾害,从形成强霜冻灾害的气候特征、霜冻灾害类型、灾害成因等方面,揭示当地春季霜冻灾害的特征,并提出了经济花果树类、农作物霜冻灾害防御对策,其中采用最有效的方法是栽培技术法、喷药法、烟幕法、灌水法、覆盖法等,近年来在当地春季农业霜冻防御实践中,其效果非常显著。