3种禽类呼肠孤病毒血清学相关性及致细胞病变差异分析

本研究旨在研究3种不同疾病型禽类呼肠孤病毒间的抗原性关系及病毒的培养特性。作者通过血清中和试验测定了禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV S1133株)、番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MDRV 9710株)、新型鸭呼肠孤病毒(NDRV NP01株)3种禽类呼肠孤病毒的血清学相关性,统计抗原相关性R值;并应用部分禽胚原代细胞及哺乳动物传代细胞对这3种病毒的培养特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,3种病毒株之间的R值很小,抗原相关性较低;三者具有广泛的细胞亲嗜性,能在多种细胞中增殖,并产生细胞病变,但病毒致细胞病变特征有所差异,ARV和NDRV均以巨融合为主,而MDRV则以细胞圆缩坏死为主。上述结果表明导致禽类不同疾病的ARV、MDRV和NDRV三者之间的抗原相关性较低,病毒的细胞培养特性也不同,细胞病变类型的差别提供了一种初步鉴别禽类呼肠孤病毒的方法。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌分离过程中无晶体芽胞杆菌的分析

本研究选择了在苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)分离过程中发现的与Bt芽胞相似、没有伴胞晶体的8株芽胞杆菌,对其种属、质粒等生物学特性和杀虫活性进行了初步研究.对分离菌株所产芽胞进行形态观察及质粒图谱分析,发现其与Bt相似;但肽指纹图谱分析和16S rDNA聚类研究表明所分离菌株与蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus(Bc)匹配最高;杀虫活性测定表明这8株菌对猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi幼虫均无毒杀作用,而15-3、W23-1和W25-3 3个菌株及其培养上清液对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫有一定的杀虫活性,说明它们能产生活性物质.这些结果说明在Bt菌株的分离过程中要对无晶体菌株加以重视,其含有的活性物质具有潜在的研究和利用价值.     

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in permanent upslope pasture and downslope riparian buffers with varying vegetation

Background

Riparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in the agricultural landscape allows them to intercept and process pollutants from immediately adjacent agricultural land. Vegetated riparian buffers recycle soil organic matter, which elevates soil carbon (C), which upon processing, processes and releases carbon dioxide (CO₂). The elevated soil C and seasonally anoxic environments associated with riparian buffers promote denitrification and fermentation, further increasing soil CO₂ production.

Aim

Against this context, a replicated plot-scale experiment was established at North Wyke, UK, to measure the extent of soil CO₂ emissions in permanent pasture served by grass, willow, and woodland riparian buffers, as well as a no-buffer control.

Methods

Soil CO₂ was measured using the static chamber technique in conjunction with soil and environmental variables between June 2018 and February 2019.

Results

Cumulative soil CO₂ fluxes were in the descending order: woodland riparian buffer; 11,927.8 ± 1987.9 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > no-buffer control; 11,101.3 ± 3700.4 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > grass riparian buffer; 10,826.4 ± 2551.8 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > upslope pasture; 10,554.6 ± 879.5 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > willow riparian buffer; 9294.9 ± 1549.2 5 kg CO₂ ha^–1. There was, however, no evidence of significant differences among all treatments of the current study.

Conclusions

Despite the lack of significant differences, the results from our short-term study show that the woodland riparian buffer had relatively larger soil CO₂ emissions than the remainder of the other riparian buffers and the upslope pasture it serves. Our short-term findings may be useful in developing soil CO₂ mitigation strategies through careful selection of riparian buffer vegetation and may be useful in calibrating mechanistic models for simulating such emissions from similar agro systems.     

The Behavioural Response of Coral Reef Fish Following Introduction to a Novel Aquarium Environment.

Following the construction of a large-scale public aquarium, we were presented with an opportunity to investigate how wild caught Caribbean reef fish respond to their first encounter with a novel environment. Within the constraints of this opportunity, we designed a behavioural study to determine the reef fishes' response to a new habitat in relation to their locomotory mode. Nine species of fish representing three locomotory modes: carangiform, sub-carangiform and labriform/sub-carangiform were observed over a four-week period following their first introduction to the aquarium. Fish activity levels and spatial distribution were quantified in relation to time since their first encounter with the novel environment. The most important result was that, regardless of locomotory mode or ecology, all of the species extensively explored the novel environment rather than settle on the first habitat that they encountered. This is a particularly interesting result for territorial species. More specifically, however, there were significant differences between species in activity through time. Carangiform activity level was lowest in the initial phases of an encounter with the novel environment subsequently rising to a stable level. The other species had variable activity throughout the study, but all of them exhibited a phase of low activity at some stage during the study. In terms of the fishes' use of the 2.5 million litres of water, six species utilised the whole of the aquarium based on a predefined zoning scheme. Although the initial activity level was low, carangiform swimmers used at least 90% of the zones in the early phases of an encounter with the novel environment and subsequently used all of the zones. Sub-carangiform species also used 100% of the zones by the end of the study. Three of the four labriform/sub-carangiform swimmers used a maximum of 90% of the zones. There was no significant difference between species in their use of the zones. However, each individual zone was subject to differential use by the fish. Owing to the extensive scale of the aquarium, we discuss the applicability of the behavioural results obtained to the natural environment in the context of the ecology of the species of fish studied. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻干旱胁迫的small RNA转录组分析

small RNA在植物环境胁迫过程中起重要的调节作用。然而,参与干旱逆境响应复杂过程中的miRNAs及其调控机制仍有待于深入挖掘。对干旱胁迫处理不同时间的水稻根、茎和叶组织进行small RNA文库构建和转录组测序。所有样品共检测到403个miRNAs,其中已知miRNAs 352个,新预测miRNAs 51个。干旱处理后24 h的根、茎和叶中分别有37、35和56个差异表达miRNAs,而96 h的根、茎和叶中分别有35、62和65个差异表达miRNAs。15个miRNAs在干旱处理后两个时间点的根、茎和叶中均差异表达,其中,Osa-miR159f、Osa-miR164f、Osa-miR5082和Osa-miR5493受干旱诱导上调表达,是干旱响应中关键调控因子。预测到miRNAs靶基因4 537个,并进行了功能注释和富集分析。这些结果为鉴定干旱响应miRNAs并解析其参与抗旱的分子调控机理提供了理论和数据资源。     

基于新型换流变压器的直流输电系统设计

由于我国电网的高速发展,直流输电在全国联网中地位也不断提高。本文提出采用了这种新型换流变压器的直流输电系统;介绍了新型换流变压器设计特点及相应的利用变压器耦合绕组的谐波安匝平衡作滤波机理的新型滤波方式,在此基础上,建立了基于新型换流变压器的直流输电系统数学模型。     

旱稻新品种比较试验

对不同种植区域选育的9个旱稻新品种进行了主要形态农艺性状、产量及其性状的比较,并以抗旱综合力为指标评价了不同旱稻新品种的综合表现。结果表明,主茎叶片数为8.14～14.10片,以德旱1号最多,961最少;主茎分蘖数为1.0～2.5个,以971最多,981、961和德旱1号皆最少;苗高为69.00～103.43 cm,以CAUHD1最高,961、绿化队和981较矮,70 cm左右;单株产量为0.57～3.29 g/株,以SH2002最高,961最低;结实率为43.66%～92.37%,以981最高,961最低;着粒密度为29.77～57.89粒/10 cm,以德旱1号最密,961最稀;总粒数为71.00～177.00粒/穗,以981最多,961最少;总枝梗数为15.50～42.50个,以981最多,961最少。综合鉴定与评价显示,SH2002、981和CAUHD2综合性状较好且抗旱性较强,值得大面积推广;绿化队综合性状较好但抗旱性较弱,具有一定的推广价值;CT6510、德旱1号和CAUHD1在推广中应避免分蘖期的高温和干旱;961和971不适于推广。     

施用不同新型增效尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

2011年在浙北的黄松田上,以高产水稻品种明珠2号为试验材料,研究不同新型增效尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用普通尿素和海藻尿素时,稻谷产量随氮用量的增加而提高,而施用腐植酸尿素和氨基酸尿素时,中等氮用量（180 kg N·hm-2）处理的稻谷产量最高。水稻地上部N总吸收量按下列次序递减：海藻尿素（253.5 kg N·hm-2）＞腐植酸尿素（242.1 kg N·hm.2） >普通尿素（236.8 kg N·hm-2）＞氨基酸尿素（230.8 kg N·hm-2）。N总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量的增加而提高,而干物质生产效率、稻谷生产效率、氮素收获指数、养分内部利用效率和氮肥生理利用率则随施氮量的增加而降低。水稻稻谷产量与每100 kg籽粒需氮量、干物质生产效率、稻谷生产效率、养分内部利用效率、氮素收获指数之间具有显著的相关性。在本试验条件下,氮用量应当控制在180 kg N·hm-2左右。3种新型增效尿素只有在施用中氮用量（180 kg N·hm-2）时才表现出比普通尿素更大的增产作用。     

中国高油酸花生种质创制、品种选育进展与建议

除高油酸自然突变体外,中国通过辐射诱变、化学诱变已创制出新的高油酸花生突变体。从花生栽培种与不亲和野生种Arachis rigonii杂交后代中鉴定出FAD2G插入型新突变,不同于国内外已报道的FAD2B A插入型突变。中国迄今已育成14个高油酸花生品种,通过省级或国家级区试。中国高油酸花生品种的产量潜力和综合抗性水平尚有进一步提升的空间,高油酸花生品种区试和扩繁工作亟待重视和加强,高油酸花生相关标准须尽快制定,以加速高油酸花生产业化进程。