Studies on the synthesis and properties of terpene-phenol-aldehyde resin with a high softening point

Synthesis conditions of terpene-phenol-aldehyde resin with a high softening point were studied based on the reactions amongntent/p6v6654n46425126/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-pinene, phenol, and formaldehyde. A suitable catalyst system and the best processing conditions were obtained by laboratory experiments. The influence of the raw materials ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst dose on the softening point, yield, and color of the synthesized resin was examined. The physical and chemical characteristics of the resin were determined: softening point ntent/p6v6654n46425126/xxlarge8805.gif" alt="ge" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">140°C (ball and ring method); color value ntent/p6v6654n46425126/xxlarge8804.gif" alt="le" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">7 (Gardner); acid value (KOH mg/g) <1; bromine value (Br₂ mg/100g) <64; saponification value (KOH mg/g) <1; average molecular weight ntent/p6v6654n46425126/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">830. The yield of resin was more than 85% (based on the total raw material).     

Henneguya corruscans n. sp. (Myxozoa,Myxosporea, Myxobolidae), a parasite of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Osteichthyes,Pimelodidae) from the Paraná River,Brazil: A morphological and morphometric study

This paper describes the parasite Henneguya corruscans n. sp. which infects the gills of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Spix and Agassiz, 1829 found in the Paraná River, Brazil. The parasites belong to the interlamellar-epithelial type as defined by Molnár (2002) [Molnár, K., 2002. Site preference of fish myxosporeans in the gills. Dis. Aquat. Org. 48, 197&ndash;207]. The spores examined had thin, smooth walls with symmetric valves; the total length of the spores was 27.6 (25&ndash;29) μm. The spore body was ellipsoidal in frontal view and biconvex in lateral view and they measured 14.3 (13&ndash;15) μm long by 5 μm wide and 4 μm in thickness. The polar capsules were small and elongated, equally sized, with a rounded posterior extremity and tapering anteriorly, and they corresponded more or less the half the length of the spore body; they were 6.8 (6&ndash;7) μm long by 2 μm wide, and the polar filament formed 5&ndash;6 coils obliquely to the axis of the polar capsule. The tail was 13.7 (12&ndash;15) μm long and bifurcated shortly after the end of the spore body. The importance of the infection for the farming of P. corruscans is discussed.     

Transmission of a Bacillus thuringiensis cry3Aa transgene from diploid to tetraploid potato using 4x-2x hybridization: effect of ploidy increase on transgene expression and implications for TPS hybrid production

The study examined the effect of ploidy elevation through unreduced gametes on transgene expression in potato. Tetraploid transgenic progenies were obtained from one tetraploid potato cultivar crossed with 2n pollen producing diploid clones harbouring an exogenous transgene (cry3Aa). Both single‐ and multiple‐insert diploid transgenic lines that were regenerated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens leaf disc inoculation were used in crosses. A DAS‐ELISA system and no‐choice feeding bioassay enabled characterization of the parental lines as either ‘high’ or low’ expressers of the Cry3Aa protein. High Cry3Aa expression was observed for both single‐insert transgenic diploids and their 4x‐2x progeny. On the contrary, 68% of 4x‐2x progeny derived from a multiple‐insert, diploid transgenic had significantly reduced Cry3Aa expression compared with the parent, with 32% demonstrating nearly complete silencing of the transgene. Multiple copies of a transgene, like homologous native genes, may be susceptible to transgene silencing following polyploidization. Therefore, incorporation of exogenous transgenes into a true potato seed (TPS) production system is feasible if a single‐insert diploid parent is used. Gene‐centromere mapping of the cry3Aa transgene demonstrated that a non‐transgenic refuge might be naturally created in a TPS hybrid system through genetic recombination.     

毛刺线虫（Nematoda：Trichodoridae）的调查鉴定

在江苏、安徽和湖南的(22份)毛刺线虫(T_(1-22))土样中,T_(14)样本的雌虫以及T_6、T_7中的少数雌虫鉴定为 Paratrichodorus porosus。T_(21)的毛刺线虫采自江苏南京桃根周围,定为 Trichodorus nanjingensis n.sp.。T.nanjingensis n.sp.与 T.complexus、T.borneoensis 最相似,它们都有2枚前于排泄孔的腹颈乳突、3枚生殖乳突和细纹化的交合刺,但新种的交合刺形态和仅1枚生殖乳突在交合刺区分别与后二者不同。新种阴道骨化结构的形态和没有明显分化的受精囊,也都有别于 T.complexus 和 T.borneoensis。     

Characterization of a New Nepovirus Infecting Apricot in Southeastern France: Apricot Latent Ringspot Virus

A pathogen was transmitted from apricot trees showing symptoms of viral infection to GF305 peach seedlings which reacted by stunting, shortened internodes and chlorotic mottling. The agent was transmitted to cherry, apricot, peach and plum by grafting and to several herbaceous hosts by mechanical inoculation. Isometric nepovirus-like particles of 30–31 nm diameter extracted from infected Chenopodium quinoa sedimented as two peaks in sucrose gradients. These particles contained two single stranded RNAs of approximately 5.9 and 7.9 kb, and a single coat protein subunit of 53.7 kDa. No cross-reactions were observed with a number of nepoviruses infecting fruit trees. Inoculation of purified particles to herbaceous or woody hosts reproduced the same symptoms caused by the original isolate. Sequencing of a 2.2 kbp cDNA clone covering the 3ntent/h7688n4055304342/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> end of the small genomic RNA identified an open reading frame encoding a 317 aa N-truncated protein exhibiting significant similarities with the coat protein of nepoviruses. The 1257 nt long 3ntent/h7688n4055304342/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> non-coding region showed up to about 65% homology to the equivalent region of members of the subgroup C of nepoviruses. The properties of this pathogen do not match those of any previously described nepovirus. It should therefore be considered as a new member of the subgroup C of nepoviruses, for which the name of Apricot latent ringspot virus (ALRSV) is proposed.The nucleotide sequence reported in this work has been deposited in the EMBL databank under the accession number AJ278875.     

Acibenzolar-S-methyl Induces the Accumulation of Defense-related Enzymes in Apple and Protects from Fire Blight

Acibenzolar-S-methyl (Novartis) is a chemical inducer of systemic acquired resistance in several annual plants. The ability of this novel chemical to induce resistance was studied in a perennial plant (apple) affected by fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora. Acibenzolar-S-methyl (100 and 200ntent/r46812wn48047n02/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">mg/l active ingredient) protected Golden Delicious seedlings, scions and trees from artificial infection when applied before inoculation. The protection of apple seedlings was similar to the protection obtained with the standard for fire blight control, plantomycin (100ntent/r46812wn48047n02/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">mg/l streptomycin sulfate), applied immediately before inoculation. The mean levels of control in scions in the greenhouse and in trees in orchards were approximately 69% and 50%, respectively. The protection of apple seedlings was constantly associated with the activation of two families of defense-related enzymes, peroxidases and ntent/r46812wn48047n02/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanases. Accumulation of both enzymes was induced locally in treated leaves and systemically, especially for ntent/r46812wn48047n02/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanases, in upper untreated leaves, and was sustained for at least 17 days. These results suggest that acibenzolar-S-methyl promotes induced systemic resistance in apple by increasing defense-related compounds. This chemical could provide a new approach of control of fire blight but its practical use needs further investigation.     

高温诱导白杨2n花粉有效处理时期的研究

以毛新杨 (Populustomentosa×P .bolleena)为材料 ,研究了高温诱导花粉染色体加倍与减数分裂始处理时期的相关关系 .试验结果表明 :高温诱导 2n花粉的有效处理时期 (也是相对非敏感时期 )位于终变期到中期Ⅰ之间 ,最高可获得 87 6 %的 2n花粉 ,但花粉量较少 ,同时还发现有连体花粉和疑为四倍性的超大花粉粒存在 .推断 2n花粉的产生除了高温可直接作用于纺锤体等造成染色体不减数外 ,还作用于细胞板的相关功能性机构 ,从而抑制新生细胞壁的形成 ,同样产生花粉染色体加倍效果     

空间诱变和γ射线辐照与离体培养相结合对水稻生物学效应的研究

利用返回式人造卫星搭载早籼品种中优早 3号干种子 ,研究比较其用不同剂量γ射线辐照对水稻的生物学效应。结果表明 ,空间诱变对M1 代成苗率、苗高和结实率的生理损伤明显比γ射线辐照轻 ,M2 代诱发的叶绿素缺失、株高及抽穗期突变的频率不及 30 0Gyγ射线处理。对空间诱变种子进行离体培养 ,叶绿素缺失和株高突变的频率有较大提高。空间诱变种子的愈伤组织经辐照处理后 ,绿点分化率和绿苗分化率下降 ,M2 的叶绿素缺失、株高及抽穗期突变频率超过空间诱变与离体诱变单独处理之和 ,也不同程度高于 30 0Gyγ射线辐照     

秋水仙碱诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍研究

目前自然界仍未发现天然多倍体桉树的存在,建立人工诱导桉树未减数2n花粉技术体系对于推进桉树的多倍体种质创制及遗传改良的意义重大。本研究以粗皮桉为对象,探究其花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程的特点,并对不同发育阶段花蕾施加秋水仙碱处理,诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍。结果表明,待观察到小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始后48 h,即处于细线期至粗线期的花蕾占比最高时,在靠近花序位置的花枝上切口并导入0.5%浓度的秋水仙碱溶液处理6 h的效果最佳,人工诱导2n花粉的有效诱导率达到31.34%。诱导获得的粗皮桉2n花粉较普通单倍性花粉的形态差异显著。本研究揭示了粗皮桉花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂的时序性关系,建立了基于花蕾着生位置和发育时数,即时判别粗皮桉小孢子母细胞减数分裂时期的方法,明确了采用秋水仙碱溶液处理诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍的最佳时机和处理条件,为进一步开展桉树多倍体种质创新工作奠定了重要基础。     

棉花品种耐盐性鉴定指标可靠性的检验

采用盐化土壤盆钵全生育期栽培法,在0、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%NaCl胁迫下,比较了13个陆地棉品种的耐盐性,分析了不同鉴定指标间的相互关系.相对出苗率、苗期相对株高、相对叶面积是苗期耐盐性鉴定可靠且简易的指标.相对花铃期天数、相对成熟期株高、相对果枝数、相对铃数与相对籽棉产量呈极显著相关关系.0.45%是鉴定棉花