霉变日粮中添加酵母葡聚糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、器官指数及血清指标的影响

试验旨在研究酵母葡聚糖对饲喂霉变日粮肉仔鸡生长性能、血清指标及器官指数的影响。选用180只体重接近的4日龄肉仔鸡随机分成5组,分别为对照组(基础日粮组)、发霉饲料组(日粮中的正常玉米由发霉玉米替代)、试验组Ⅰ(发霉饲料+0.05%酵母葡聚糖)、试验组Ⅱ(发霉饲料+0.10%酵母葡聚糖)、试验组Ⅲ(发霉饲料+0.15%酵母葡聚糖),试验期为21 d。结果表明:发霉玉米日粮中低剂量的霉菌毒素对肉仔鸡生长性能无影响,但可导致肝脏、心脏和脾脏肿胀,胸腺和法氏囊萎缩,血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮浓度降低;在发霉玉米日粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的酵母葡聚糖,能降低发霉玉米中霉菌毒素对内脏器官的毒害作用,使器官指数和血清指标基本恢复到正常水平。     

Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins with yeast cell wall absorbent on hematology,serum biochemistry,and oxidative stress in broiler chickens

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the toxicity of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on hematology, serum biochemistry, and oxidative stress of broiler chickens, and to evaluate the efficacy of yeast cell wall adsorbent (YCW) in preventing mycotoxins-induced adverse effects. A total of 300 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens (mixed sex) were randomly divided into 3 groups and received different treatments (5 repetitions per treatment). Treatments were control, naturally contaminated diet (NCD; aflatoxin, 102.08 mg/kg; zearalenone, 281.92 mg/kg; fumonisin, 5,874.38 mg/kg; deoxynivalenol, 2,038.96 mg/kg), and NCD + 2 g/kg of YCW. Broilers fed NCD showed elevated serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) at 21 d, and alanine transaminase, GGT, creatine kinase, and MDA at 42 d. Higher white blood cell, lymphocyte (LYM), platelet, red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin counts at 21 d, as well as LYM in whole blood and hepatic mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70 at 42 d were also observed in broilers fed with NCD compared with the control diet. However, lower mean corpuscular volume at 42 d and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) at both 21 and 42 d were observed in broilers with the NCD treatment when compared with those with the control treatment. Dietary addition of YCW at the level of 2 g/kg in addition to the NCD treatment showed a positive protective effect on GGT, T-SOD in serum, white blood cells, LYM, platelets, and hemoglobin in whole blood at 21 d, and T-SOD, MDA in serum, LYM, mean corpuscular volume in whole blood, and hepatic mRNA expression of heat-shock protein 70 at 42 d. It is suggested that feeding NCD for 42 d might result in a deleterious effect on broiler chickens, and addition of 2 g/kg of YCW can partly attenuate the detrimental effects of the NCD feeding.     

Production of fusaric acid byFusarium oxysporum

Summary The aim of the study was to determine whether isolates ofFusarium oxysporum Schlecht. produce fusaric acid in culture and whether mycelial growth can be used as a measurement of fusaric acid production. Three isolates produced significant levels of fusaric acid in culture filtrate, the maximum concentration being reached after 18 days, whereafter it remained constant. Mycelial growth could not be used to measure or estimate the production of fusaric acid. Growth curves from specific isolates could be used to determine the concentration of fusaric acid in culture filtrate after specific lengths of time.     

Toxic C17-Sphinganine Analogue Mycotoxin,Contaminating Tunisian Mussels,Causes Flaccid Paralysis in Rodents

Severe toxicity was detected in mussels from Bizerte Lagoon (Northern Tunisia) using routine mouse bioassays for detecting diarrheic and paralytic toxins not associated to classical phytoplankton blooming. The atypical toxicity was characterized by rapid mouse death. The aim of the present work was to understand the basis of such toxicity. Bioassay-guided chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry were used to detect and characterize the fraction responsible for mussels’ toxicity. Only a C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT), with a molecular mass of 287.289 Da, was found in contaminated shellfish. The doses of C17-SAMT that were lethal to 50% of mice were 750 and 150 μg/kg following intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections, respectively, and 900 μg/kg following oral administration. The macroscopic general aspect of cultures and the morphological characteristics of the strains isolated from mussels revealed that the toxicity episodes were associated to the presence of marine microfungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp.) in contaminated samples. The major in vivo effect of C17-SAMT on the mouse neuromuscular system was a dose- and time-dependent decrease of compound muscle action potential amplitude and an increased excitability threshold. In vitro, C17-SAMT caused a dose- and time-dependent block of directly- and indirectly-elicited isometric contraction of isolated mouse hemidiaphragms.     

新修订真菌毒素国家标准与CAC最新限量标准的对比与分析

介绍了食品中主要真菌毒素的毒理,比较了中国食品安全国家标准和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)标准中真菌毒素限量指标,研究并确认了新、旧版真菌毒素国家标准之间以及新版真菌毒素国家标准与CAC最新限量标准之间的差异,为提高中国食品安全监管水平、保护人民健康、有效应对国际贸易及国外技术性贸易壁垒提供依据。     

杭州市粮油类农产品真菌毒素快速检测与安全性评估

在真菌毒素传统检测方法基础上,建立并完善4类真菌毒素免疫亲和净化与荧光法(或HPLC)快速检测技术。应用真菌毒素快速检测技术对杭州市粮油类农产品进行抽样检测并作安全性评估。黄曲霉毒素总量和黄曲霉毒素B1的检测样本数为28个,检出率为25%;赭曲霉毒素A的检测样本数为48个,检出率为22.9%;玉米赤霉烯酮的检测样本数为49个,检出率为42.9%;呕吐毒素的检测样本数为39个,检出率为15.4%。4类真菌毒素的平均检出率约为30%左右。4类真菌毒素安全性评估结果为：黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮超标率最高,呕吐毒素安全性较好。检测结果表明,杭州市粮油类农产品真菌毒素污染广泛,部分真菌毒素超标比较严重,应该进一步加强对谷物及油料类农产品真菌毒素安全性监控工作。     

Correlation between Fusarium head blight severity and DON content in triticale as revealed by phenotypic and molecular data

Fusarium head blight (FHB) in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) results in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination, for example, by deoxynivalenol (DON). This study aimed to analyse the correlation between FHB severity and DON content in a DH population of 146 entries across environments. Additionally, Fusarium damaged kernel (FDK) rating, heading stage and plant height were recorded. Highly significant (P < 0.001) genotypic variances were found throughout, but also significant (P < 0.001) genotype–environment interaction variances occurred. Correlation between FHB severity and heading stage or plant height was low (r = 0.144 and r = ?0.153, P < 0.10). A prediction of DON content from FHB severity or FDK rating is not possible caused by low correlations (r = 0.315 and 0.572, respectively, P < 0.001). A common quantitative trait locus (QTL) for all FHB‐related traits was found on wheat chromosome 2A being of minor importance for FHB severity, but of high importance for DON content and FDK rating. Another QTL on rye chromosome 5R was more important for FHB severity. In conclusion, DON content has to be measured in triticale after selection for FHB severity to gain for healthy and mycotoxin‐reduced feed.     

玉米赤霉烯酮的毒性及生物降解研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是由某些真菌产生的次级代谢产物,具有极强的毒性,给人类和动物健康造成了极大的危害,该毒素的解毒与去毒一直是研究的热点。论文结合国内外的最新研究结果,对玉米赤霉烯酮的生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性、肝肾毒性、对内分泌系统的影响及生物降解方面的研究进展进行了综述,阐明了玉米赤霉烯酮的危害及去除玉米赤霉烯酮的重要性及紧迫性,为进一步研究生物转化玉米赤霉烯酮提供参考资料。     

牛奶中霉菌毒素来源、转化及危害

霉菌毒素污染是牛奶质量安全的主要风险之一,其种类主要包括黄曲霉毒素(AFs)、赭曲霉毒素(OTs)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)、伏马毒素(FUM)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、T-2毒素(T-2)等。牛奶中的霉菌毒素主要来源于动物饲料,本文在国内外已有文献报道基础上,对牛奶中霉菌毒素来源、转化以及危害、限量进行综述。