Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (R_q) the curvature (R_cu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (R_A) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm² with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.     

DMLS微换热器粗糙度对Al2O3/R141b流动沸腾传热影响

为了探究DMLS(直接金属激光烧结)微型换热器换热通道表面粗糙度对纳米流体制冷剂流动沸腾传热的影响,运用化学抛光技术改变不同DMLS微型换热器换热管道表面的粗糙度,制备0.01%低浓度Al2O3/R141b纳米流体制冷剂为实验工质,在不同的热流密度9.4~29.4 k W/m2、质量流率184.3~432.2 kg/(m2·s)下,研究不同DMLS换热管道表面下的粗糙度对Al2O3/R141b流动沸腾传热特性。研究结果表明:粗糙度对纳米流体制冷剂在DMLS微型换热器内流动沸腾传热有显著影响,纳米流体制冷剂的换热性能随粗糙度的减小而减弱,粗糙度减小80.4%,换热性能减弱22.5%;相同的工况下,相比于表面粗糙度为8.7μm DMLS微型换热器换热管道,纳米流体制冷剂在粗糙度为5.8、3.2、1.7μm DMLS微型换热器换热管道中的平均换热系数分别减小7.1%、14.1%、22.5%;DMLS微型换热器换热通道表面粗糙度越大,表面凹凸程度越大,单位长度换热通道内,纳米流体制冷剂与通道表面有更多的接触面积,促使单位面积上有更多的纳米制冷剂核气化核心密度,同时核化起点提前、壁面过热程度越低,有利于强化传热效果;实验结果与修正后的LAZAREK传热模型结果相对偏差为9.88%,验证了数学模型的有效性及实验结果的可靠性。     

便携式茶园微耕机的设计研究

当前我国大力发展茶园种植业,以往人力为主要劳动力的生产方式满足不了发展要求,主要存在效率低、劳动强度大、耗时费工等许多问题。为此,综合了我国耕地的基本国情及茶园式微耕机的发展现状与茶园耕地之间的不匹配的情况,并设计制造了便携式茶园微耕机。该机具旋耕刀采用直角刀片,使得入土、碎土能力增强,机器行走正常不跑偏、旋耕消耗能量较少、工作效率远大于人工作业。该便携式微耕机结构简单、轻巧便利、生产成本低,投入茶园生产后将大大提高农民生产积极性和生产效率。田间试验结果表明:该微耕机的平均耕深为130mm,平均耕作幅宽为300mm,各项参数均符合生产技术要求,能够满足茶园作业要求。     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis) miR-223的表达特征及免疫应答分析

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性、长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小单链RNA分子,由具有发夹结构的70-90个碱基的单链RNA前体经过Dicer酶加工而成.本研究使用荧光实时定量PCR (Quantitative Real-Time PCR, qRT-PCR)方法,研究了miRNA-223(miR-223)在半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)各健康组织、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染后各时间点的免疫组织以及不同病原类似物刺激后头肾细胞中的表达模式.结果显示,miR-223在半滑舌鳎各组织中均有表达,在头肾中表达量最高,在脑和血液中的表达量极低.鳗弧菌感染3组样品4种免疫组织,miR-223表达变化显著,感染后20 h内,鳗弧菌诱导miR-223上调表达.鳗弧菌感染后半滑舌鳎免疫组织miR-223表达变化规律显示,鳗弧菌感染2、6、12、24、48、72、96和168 h后,miR-223在肝、肠、脾、头肾4种组织中出现差异表达.其中,miR-223在半滑舌鳎肝、脾、头肾中表达上调,在肠中表达下调.用LPS、poly I:C、PGN、RGNNV感染半滑舌鳎头肾细胞后,发现经LPS、RGNNV诱导后miR-223上调表达,poly I:C、PGN诱导后miR-223下调表达.研究结果表明,miR-223参与了半滑舌鳎免疫应答过程.本研究结果有助于了解miRNA在半滑舌鳎对病原刺激免疫应答过程中的作用以及半滑舌鳎与病原相互作用中miRNA参与调控的机制.     

Cdc42蛋白在牛卵母细胞中的表达分布及对其成熟的影响

【目的】探明Cdc42蛋白在牛卵母细胞成熟过程中的表达及分布规律,并且研究抑制Cdc42活性对于牛卵母细胞成熟的影响。【方法】首先通过收集体外成熟不同时间（0-24 h）的牛卵母细胞,用Western blotting的方法检测Cdc42蛋白在牛卵母细胞中的表达量变化情况,通过免疫细胞化学的方法检测Cdc42蛋白在牛卵母细胞中的分布及定位情况。根据GenBank公布的牛Cdc42基因（GenBank登录号：NM_001046332.1）的mRNA序列设计引物,并在正向和反向引物的末端分别加上KpnⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切位点,用PCR的方法扩增牛Cdc42基因的CDS区,将PCR产物和pMD19T载体连接得到野生型的克隆载体pMD19T-Cdc42WT。用定点突变引物以pMD19T-Cdc42WT为模板进行PCR反应,得到Cdc42的显性负性突变体Cdc42T17N的克隆载体pMD19T-Cdc42T17N。将pMD19T-Cdc42WT和pMD19T-Cdc42T17N分别酶切后,将Cdc42WT（775 bp）和Cdc42T17N（775 bp）片段分别连接到pcDNA3.1（+）的多克隆位点区域,得到相应的原核表达载体pcDNA3.1（+）-Cdc42WT和pcDNA3.1（+）-Cdc42T17N。用体外转录的方法分别得到Cdc42WT和Cdc42T17N的cRNA,用显微注射的方法将相应的cRNA分别注入到牛GV期卵母细胞质内,检测其成熟率的变化。【结果】①Cdc42蛋白分别在牛卵母细胞中成熟培养0、4、8、12、16、20以及24 h时表达量没有明显差异,但是其分布规律随着减数分裂的进行发生着动态的变化：Cdc42蛋白在卵母细胞皮质区域集中分布的模式在生发泡（germinal vesicle,GV）期卵母细胞中很少出现,而在第一次减数分裂中期（metaphase Ⅰ,MⅠ）卵母细胞中出现得最多也最为明显;Cdc42蛋白在染色体附近的皮质富集的现象开始出现于前中期（pro-metaphase Ⅰ,pMⅠ）,并且出现频率从pMⅠ期到第2次减数分裂中期（metaphase Ⅱ,MⅡ）逐渐增多;Cdc42蛋白和纺锤体重叠定位的现象在第1次减数分裂后期（anaphase Ⅰ,AⅠ）到末期（telophaseⅠ,TⅠ）的卵母细胞中占有有很高比例,而到MⅡ期时这种现象又很少出现。②从牛卵母细胞的总cDNA中扩增Cdc42基因得到785 bp的片段,构建的牛Cdc42的野生型及其显性负性突变体的克隆载体pMD19T-Cdc42WT和pMD19T-Cdc42T17N经酶切鉴定和以及测序比对后,符合预期结果,即成功克隆了牛野生型Cdc42基因并得到其显性负性突变体Cdc42T17N;③构建的相应的原核表达载体pcDNA3.1（+）-Cdc42WT和pcDNA3.1（+）-Cdc42T17N经酶切鉴定和测序比对,符合预期结果,经过体外转录均得到一个3079 bases和987 bases的RNA片段,符合预期结果,即成功构建了相应的原核表达载体并获得相应的cRNA;④与正常成熟培养组和注射Cdc42WTcRNA的牛卵母细胞相比,注射Cdc42T17NcRNA的成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）。【结论】卵母细胞在卵泡发育过程中就已经积累了足够的Cdc42蛋白,而在减数分裂过程中Cdc42可以在卵母细胞的皮质以及纺锤体的位置发挥作用,而且正常的Cdc42活性是牛卵母细胞完成成熟过程并排出第一极体所必需的。     

A novel technique using 1-MCP microbubbles for delaying postharvest ripening of banana fruit

This study aimed to investigate the application of microbubble technology for delaying banana ripening. A preparation of 1-MCP designed for use as a form of aqueous micro bubble (MBs) solutions was formulated. Banana fruit were immersed in 500 nL L⁻¹ of aqueous 1-MCP microbubbles (1-MCP-MBs) or fumigated with 500 nL L⁻¹ 1-MCP, then stored at 25 °C for 8 days. 1-MCP-MBs were more effective in delaying postharvest ripening than conventional 1-MCP fumigation. 1-MCP-MBs reduced the respiration rate and ethylene production compared to the control and 1-MCP fumigated fruit. Moreover, 1-MCP-MBs delayed yellowing and maintained firmness of banana fruit during storage. These results indicate that 1-MCP-MBs can be used as an alternative method for delaying the postharvest ripening of banana fruit, and its application for other commodities needs to be further elucidated.     

铁炭微电解处理高浓度甲醇废水的研究

采用铁炭微电解法处理某化工厂的高浓度甲醇废水。实验研究了进水pH值、反应时间、铁炭质量比、鼓入空气以及加入ClO2氧化剂等因素对废水处理结果的影响,结果表明实验的最佳工艺条件为：进水pH值为2、铁炭比为2、反应时间为14h,空气流速为500ml／min及加入ClO2（1：500）;废水的COD去除率≥95％,且出水的可生化性得到了极大的提高。     

Design and fabrication of a novel resonator for resonant accelerometer

A novel resonator for accelerometer with sensing and actuating combs was designed and fabricated based on micro electromechanical system (MEMS) process. Driving force and demand voltage of the resonator were analyzed by analytical method and Finite Element Method (FEM). Sensing capacitance on resonance state and Q factor under atmosphere was calculated by these two methods. The micro fabrication process was planned and realized using MEMS (Micro electromechanical System) method. The testing results show the performance of the resonator is high; the natural frequency of the resonator is 54 523.5 Hz, which has the error of 13.6％ with the theorical value.     

Numerical simulation of the influences of catalytic wall on methane combustion characteristics in micro combustor

In order to study the effects of different catalytic walls on combustion characteristics, the premixed catalytic combustion characteristics of methane/air in micro combustor are studied. It lays the foundation for the combustion technology of hydrocarbon fuel in micro engine. Numerical simulation of flow and catalytic combustion in micro combustor was done by using laminar finite rate and second order upwind discretization methods. The results show that when wall temperature,CH4/O2 mole ratio and methane mass flow rate change, the influence of lower catalytic wall on the methane catalytic combustion efficiency is biggest, followed by side catalytic wall, the smallest is upper catalytic wall. The methane catalytic combustion efficiency unit area of lower catalytic wall is about three times of that of upper catalytic wall. The utilization of catalyst on lower catalytic wall is maximal . Therefore, when coating catalyst, the quantity of katalyst on lower catalytic wall should be appropriate more, moderate on the side catalytic wall, as little as possible on the upper catalytic wall. The influence disciplinarian and contribution rate of different catalytic wall on methane combustion have been gained. The optimized strategy of catalyst coating was put forward and reduced the cost of catalytic combustion.