基于自适应小波偏微分方程的蝗虫切片图像去噪

蝗虫显微切片图像在获取的过程中不可避免地会受到噪声污染,其纹理、边缘与噪声又都属于高频分量,单独使用小波变换或偏微分方程(partial differential equation,PDE)扩散的方法都不能在有效去噪的同时保持边缘、纹理等。针对这一问题,提出了基于自适应小波PDE的去噪算法。首先对蝗虫切片含噪图像进行sym5小波软阈值去噪,分解层数根据去噪后图像的PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio)值自适应地选择,阈值门限使用Birge-Massart处罚算法获取。然后在此去噪的基础上进行Perona-Malik(PM)模型去噪,迭代次数根据去噪后图像的PSNR值自适应地选择,梯度阈值根据图像自身的2范数获取。为了验证所提出算法的去噪性能,进行了与常用去噪算法的对比试验。试验结果表明:视觉上,采用本文算法去噪后的图像噪声点较少且边缘、纹理清晰;客观上,采用该文算法去噪后的图像PSNR值比使用维纳滤波高出2 d B左右,比使用中值滤波高出3 d B左右,比使用小波阈值去噪高出2 d B左右,比使用PM模型去噪高出1 d B左右,并且在结构相似性(structural similarity image measurement,SSIM)上采用该文算法去噪后的图像与原始图像的相似度最高。因此,将自适应小波PDE的算法应用于蝗虫切片去噪是可行的、有效的,为其后续处理提供了技术支持。     

河北省夏蝗大发生的气象预报

分析影响夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子,预报夏蝗的发生程度,对夏蝗防治决策起着十分重要的作用.利用秩相关系数法,筛选出影响河北省洼淀和沿海两个类型区夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子.根据贝叶斯判别准则,确定了两类蝗区夏蝗大发生关键气象因子的最佳临界距平值;利用灾变规律的关键时预报方法,对两个蝗区因子数确定的关键年进行敏感性分析,确定了两个类型蝗区最佳的预报因子数.在此基础上,对河北省不同生态类型区夏蝗大发生进行模拟和预报,结果拟合率达到99%以上,2004和2005年延伸预报结果与实际一致.     

速生型刺槐遗传转化体系的建立

为获得稳定的转基因刺槐植株,以速生型刺槐叶轴为转化受体,对转化过程中的一些影响因素进行了探究,建立了较为完善的遗传转化体系。结果表明:继代20~35d之间刺槐叶轴最适宜转化;卡那霉素的筛选浓度为30mg/L;头孢霉素的抑菌浓度为200mg/L;合适的侵染时间是20min;30mg/L的乙酰丁香酮有利于抗性芽的发生;共培养2d对转化适宜;抑菌7d后再加选择压有利于抗性芽的产生。最后得到的抗性植株经PCR检测,初步证明外源目的基因OsDREB1已整合到刺槐基因组中。     

干旱地区提高刺槐造林质量的技术方法

中阳县地处干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区，造林成活率低，成林难。该文在总结多年造林实践的基础上，从旱地育苗，提前整地，截干栽植，造林密度等方面，提出了提高刺槐造林质量的技术方法。     

我国饲料型四倍体刺槐研究进展

四倍体刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia自1997年引入我国以来,国内学者对其主要进行了如下几个方面的研究:1)不同地域不同立地条件下的适应性、生物量及叶片营养含量,肯定了饲料型四倍体刺槐的引种价值。2)常规和微繁育苗技术:常规育苗技术中的插根和嫁接繁殖技术已经成熟,达到了规模化生产的要求;微繁技术已找到了愈伤组织诱导及其分化为苗的培养基组合和培养条件以及组培苗的适宜移栽方式。3)抗盐基因遗传转化:已成功地将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)转入四倍体刺槐,得到了15个抗盐植株,抗盐植株对NaCl的相对抗性提高了2‰~3‰。从引种、造林、微体快繁技术和遗传转化4个方面综述了这些研究成果,并探讨了存在的问题及可能的解决方法。     

Two-compartment models for describing temporal variation in the effective leaf area index of Robinia pseudoacacia stands on the Loess Plateau

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in many ecological models and its phenology significantly affects on net ecosystem production in deciduous forests. We examined trends in LAIe (effective leaf area index) using two-compartment models to test effects of stand age and slope aspect on seasonal rates of LAIe increase (k₁) and decrease (k₂). LAIe measurements were acquired from 24 sample plots over five months and used to develop robust predictive models for modeling LAIe dynamics. Generally, the stands’ k₁ values were substantially greater than their k₂ values. The LAIe increased rapidly between leaf emergence and saturation, and then lower slowly from leaf saturation to senescence. The strongest increase in LAIe was observed in 11- to 15-year-old stands on shady slopes (k₁ = 4.76) and in young stands (<10 years) on sunny slopes (k₁ = 3.94), but k₂ values were largest in mature stands. The trees on shady slopes generally had higher k₁ and lower k₂ values than those on sunny slopes, except in the youngest stand. The results showed that two-compartment models can robustly describe leaf growth and loss rates in black locust stands, and that both stand age and aspect both strongly affect the rate and magnitude of changes in LAIe during the growing season. Hence, the two-compartment model is recommended as an effective method when monitoring the LAIe quantitative dynamics of broad-leaved forest.     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐人工林枯落物水文特性

通过对山西省方山县土桥沟流域不同密度、不同林龄刺槐人工林枯落物蓄积量及其持水性能的研究,得出了不同林分枯落物的蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率等特性参数.结果表明,各林分枯落物总蓄积量在1.89～9.30 t/hm2之间,其中9a刺槐林蓄积量＞15 a刺槐林＞20 a刺槐林.枯落物最大持水量及最大持水率均为20a＞15a＞9 a,密度为3333株/hm2时持水量最大,密度为1111株/hm2时持水量最小.枯落物未分解层和半分解层在前0.25 h吸水速率最大,在前2 h内降低幅度最大,以后逐渐减弱,浸水24 h时吸水速率趋近于零.从人工林水文生态功能的角度分析,晋西半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐人工林的适宜密度为1667株/hm2.     

黄河三角洲东亚飞蝗夏蝗发生的气象预测模型

利用黄河三角洲地区5个重点沿海蝗区1983-2008年东亚飞蝗夏蝗的调查资料和相应的气象资料,分别对飞蝗发生期、发生量与主要气象因子进行相关分析并组建回归预测模型。结果表明,夏蝗出土始期和出土盛期均与上年9月和当年2月的降水量呈显著的负相关关系,但方程系数不同;在发生量预测中,夏蝗发生密度与4月平均气温和2月降水量呈显著负相关,发生面积与3月和上年8月的平均气温呈显著正相关、与上年9月降水量呈显著负相关。利用历史资料对预测模型进行回代检验,模拟值的平均相对准确率达90.2%,可以满足实际需求。     

Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion is a major socioeconomic and environmental problem in Turkey. Almost 86% of the land in Turkey has suffered various degrees of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tree species affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in degraded soils. Results from this study showed that organic C (C_org) was highest in the black locust soil at 0–20 cm depth and lowest in the bare land. Microbial biomass C (C_mic) increased in the order black locust > Scotch pine > bare land at two soil depths. One-way ANOVA demonstrated that afforested soils contain significantly higher microbial biomass C than those in the bare land soils. Microbial quotient (C_mic/C_org) of soils are positively influenced by afforestation as the bare land soils exhibited lower microbial quotient than the associated Scotch pine and black locust soils. Microbial communities in black locust soils were energetically more efficient—had a lower metabolic quotient (qCO₂)—with a higher C_mic/C_org compared to those in Scotch pine soils. However, the microbial quotient in our study was still below range and cannot reach equilibrium again 15 yr after afforestation. Restoration of degraded lands could be a long-term process from microbial activity in the observed regions.     

蝗虫切片图像Shannon-Cosine小波精细积分混合降噪

在显微镜下采集到的蝗虫切片图像通常同时具有高斯噪声和椒盐噪声。利用同时具有插值性、光滑性、紧支撑性及归一化特性的Shannon-Cosine小波,构造了多尺度插值小波算子,进而构造了去除图像中混合噪声的小波精细积分法。该方法在稀疏描述切片图像时,通过设置稀疏表示阈值,直接消除图像中的椒盐噪声;将图像的Shannon-Cosine小波稀疏表达式直接代入图像降噪P-M模型,将该模型变形为非线性常微分方程组,采用精细积分法求解,可实现图像的保边降噪,消除图像中的高斯噪声。实验结果表明,在满足降噪要求的情况下,本文方法可以较好地保持蝗虫切片图像中的各种纹理结构;随着高斯噪声方差由0.02增加到0.10,降噪图像的PSNR下降了11.67%,远低于其他方法。说明本文方法在处理蝗虫切片图像时具有较强的鲁棒性。采用本文方法描述蝗虫切片图像时,特征像素点只占图像像素总数的10%左右,有效降低了问题规模,提高了求解效率。