Activities of digestive enzymes during embryonic development in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda)

The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), has become an important freshwater species for Chinese inland aquaculture because of its high commercial value and consumer demand. The aim of this study was to gather information about the activity of digestive enzymes at different embryonic stages of P. clarkii in order to increase our knowledge about digestive physiology and to guide technology for maternal culture so as to improve the hatching rate. Embryonic developmental stages were divided into six stages: I, fertilized egg; II, cleavage and blastula; III, gastrula; IV, egg nauplius; V, eye pigment forming; and VI, prepared for hatching. Pepsin-specific activity decreased significantly from stage I to stage IV. Although it increased at stage V, the activity level declined again before hatching. Both trypsin- and amylase-specific activity levels dramatically increased in the middle stages of embryogenesis, whereas at the other embryonic stages the activities of these two digestive enzymes were much lower. Lipase-specific activity exhibited a low level during all embryonic stages. The pattern of digestive enzyme activity was related to organogenesis and the utilization of yolk proteins at different embryonic stages.     

西伯利亚鲟卵巢发育过程血清脂蛋白脂酶活性与血脂代谢的研究

利用微创手术检查的方法对人工养殖西伯利亚鲟的卵巢发育期进行鉴别,根据卵巢发育期将西伯利亚鲟分为Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期和Ⅵ期共5个实验组。对5个实验组血清脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性及血脂含量进行测定,并对其之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:随着卵巢发育,血清LPL活性、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)呈"先上升,后下降"的趋势,其中LPL在Ⅴ期达到最高值,VLDL-C、TG均在Ⅳ期达到最高值;总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)随卵巢发育表现为上升趋势。血清TG与LPL呈正相关关系。     

草鱼和青鱼消化酶的分布特性

选择草鱼(C tenopharyngodon idellus)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)作试验鱼,对它们消化道的酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶以及三酰基甘油脂酶沿消化道及肝脏和胰腺中的活性分布进行了比较研究。研究表明:这些酶在消化道中呈现不同的分布规律,在肝脏和胰腺中酶的活性高于在消化道中相应酶的活性;同种鱼不同消化酶的分布有所差别;两种鱼消化组织中的各种酶活性分布规律也有差别;青鱼和草鱼的主要消化酶在不同消化器官中的分布有较大差别。     

儿茶素单体EGC对胰脂肪酶的抑制作用及其机理研究

为研究儿茶素单体表没食子儿茶素（Epigallocatechin,EGC）对胰脂肪酶的抑制作用及机制,以干燥绿茶为原料,采用热水提取法、三氯甲烷脱色素和柱层析分离,得到EGC单体。采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对纯化的EGC单体进行结构表征,再通过滴定法研究EGC对胰脂肪酶的抑制作用及类型,然后通过荧光光谱法以及分子对接技术表征了EGC对胰脂肪酶结构的影响。结果表明,EGC以非竞争性方式对胰脂肪酶表现出抑制作用,并且抑制效果随EGC浓度的增加呈持续上升趋势,半抑制浓度为(1.62±0.085) mg·mL^-1。EGC对胰脂肪酶有荧光猝灭作用,可通过分子间氢键和疏水相互作用与酶中的氨基酸残基结合,导致酶的化学结构和空间构象发生变化,从而降低酶活性。EGC主要通过改变胰脂肪酶的化学结构和空间构象来抑制该酶活性,从而达到降血脂功效。     

谷关假单胞菌脂肪酶基因PgLip1的克隆和表达

低温脂肪酶在饲料、洗涤、有机合成等行业中具有重要的应用价值，然而目前已发现的低温脂肪酶数量不多，对其基因多样性了解不够深入，因此有必要从自然环境中挖掘新的低温脂肪酶基因。为了获得低温脂肪酶基因资源，通过基因组序列比对分析，从谷关假单胞菌（Pseudomonas guguanensis）中发现并克隆获得一个脂肪酶基因P. guguanensis lipase 1 (PgLip1),并对该基因进行序列分析和蛋白质预测，表达后检测PgLip1的最适底物、最适pH、最适温度，同时研究了表面活性剂、变性剂、EDTA、金属离子及有机溶剂对该酶活性的影响。结果显示：该基因片段大小为840 bp，预测编码含279个氨基酸残基的蛋白质，氨基酸序列与来源于门多萨假单胞菌（Pseudomonas mendocina）的脂肪酶相似性92.6%。该酶的最适温度为10 ℃，在0 ℃相对酶活为60.2%，是一个低温脂肪酶；其最适pH为8.5，在pH 3.0~12.0时，仍然具有62%以上的相对酶活。40 ℃处理45 min后，PgLip1还能保持72.6%的残余酶活。该酶的最适反应底物为对硝基苯基丁酸酯(pNPB)；在高浓度异丙醇、异戊醇和乙酸乙酯中的酶活反而高于相应较低浓度中，吐温-20、吐温-80和Triton X-100表面活性剂能较大程度激活PgLip1（3.2~5.9倍）。研究丰富了对低温脂肪酶生物多样性的科学认识，所获得的PgLip1是一个受表面活性剂特异激活且对部分高浓度有机溶剂耐受的低温脂肪酶，具有较好的应用前景。     

Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on growth,digestive enzymes,body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth, digestive enzymes, body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (420 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid) were formulated to contain 0 (control), 250, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg SB. Triplicate groups of 40 fish (BW = 1.26 ± 0.01 g) per tank (300-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks) for each diet were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Stomach, hepatopancreas and intestine samples were obtained for digestive enzymes activities analyses. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed to determine the relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg showed significantly higher specific growth rate and significantly lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P < 0.05). Dietary SB inclusion did not alter activities of intestinal amylase, creatine kinase and sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), but increased activities of hepatic trypsin, stomachic lipase, intestinal lipase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase for fish fed 1,000 mg/kg SB compared to the control (P < 0.05). Intestine length index, intestine somatic index, fold height and muscular thickness of distal intestine were significantly higher in 1,000 mg/kg SB groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of whole-body crude protein, ash, calcium, phosphorus, nutrition retention and relative mRNA of intestinal TOR were observed in 1,000 mg/kg SB group (P < 0.05). Whole-body lipid content and hepatopancreas LPL mRNA expression in 2,000 mg/kg SB group were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA levels of intestinal LPL and hepatopancreas TOR were significantly higher in the 500 mg/kg SB group compared to those in other groups (P < 0.05). The increased growth performance, digestive enzymes and nutrient retention in fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg suggests that SB can be a desirable growth promoter as an antibiotic alternative in diets.     

蒙古冰草GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶基因的序列及表达分析

为挖掘蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)中的GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶基因，以干旱胁迫下蒙古冰草转录组测序得到的Unigenes为对象，利用生物信息学方法对蒙古冰草GDSL脂肪酶基因进行理化性质、亚细胞定位、同源性以及系统发育进化分析，同时对不同干旱处理条件下的GDSL脂肪酶基因进行表达分析。结果表明：蒙古冰草中52个GDSL脂肪酶基因，蛋白质分子量在6.80～44.77 kU,66～420个氨基酸，pI 4.27～9.42;52个蒙古冰草GDSL脂肪酶基因亚细胞定位预测显示细胞外基质、叶绿体、细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁均有分布；将其与13个已知具有抗旱功能的GDSL脂肪酶基因进行同源性对比及进化树构建，蒙古冰草GDSL脂肪酶基因与水稻、大麦、拟南芥、木豆、大豆、蜡梅、辣椒的GDSL脂肪酶基因均有较高相似性。在干旱处理0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0、7.0 d及复水1.0 d,与对照(CK)相比，14个基因呈显著下调表达，38个基因呈现为上调表达。对6个蒙古冰草GDSL脂肪酶蛋白跨膜及信号肽和磷酸化预测结果显示，DN26944＿c0＿g1属于跨膜蛋白；DN269...     

产脂肪酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及响应面法优化发酵条件

从土壤中分离纯化出高产脂肪酶的菌株,通过在360nm紫外光下比较罗丹明B(Rhodamine B)筛选培养基中荧光圈的大小后得到7株菌株。利用对硝基苯酚-分光光度法测定目的菌株的酶活大小对菌株进行复筛,最终得到一株酶活较高的菌株Youzh-1,经细菌形态观察,16S rRNA序列分析,确定其为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens strain ORTB3)。对此菌株进行发酵条件的优化,首先对发酵条件进行单因素的优化,在单因素实验的基础上对Youzh-1设计Box-Behnken实验进一步优化培养基最终得到最优发酵条件为葡萄糖18.825g/L、牛肉膏25.98g/L、,氯化钠10g/L、硫酸镁0.1g/L、磷酸二氢钾0.5g/L、橄榄油乳化液12ml/ml,在温度41℃、pH6的条件下进行发酵实验验证,经过测定发现其脂肪酶粗酶酶活为79.87U/ml,相比初始酶活37.67U/ml提高了112%。这为脂肪酶的工业化生产提供了理论依据。     

鲤脂蛋白脂肪酶基因特性、表达分布、重组蛋白获得及酶活性比较

为研究鲤脂蛋白脂肪酶(Cc LPLs)的基因特征、时空表达分布及酶活性，实验利用基因组同源搜索获取鲤CcLPLs同源基因并分析其序列特征；通过荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法对CcLPLs在不同组织的表达进行分析；采用原核表达系统获取CcLPLs重组蛋白，并使用对硝基苯酚法测定各重组蛋白的酶活性。结果显示，鲤基因组中挖掘到5个CcLPLs基因(CcLPLA1a、CcLPLA1b、CcLPLA2a、CcLPLA2b*和CcLPLBa)，经验证，CcLPLA2b*是假基因，共线性分析显示，鱼类特有基因组加倍过程中出现基因丢失的现象，而鲤特有的基因组加倍致使鲤存在5个CcLPLs。CcLPLA1a和CcLPLA1b核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列相同，同源性分析显示，CcLPLBa与CcLPLA1s的同源性为64%，与CcLPLA2a同源性为50.8%。qPCR结果显示，CcLPLs的表达量在肝脏、心脏、脂肪、肌肉、脑、肠道和脾脏中依次降低，在各个组织中，各基因表达量从高到底依次为CcLPLA1s、CcLPLA2a和CcLPLBa。鲤正常投喂、饥饿及再投喂状态下CcLPLA1s和CcLPLA2a在肝脏、...