醇溶木质素溶胶流变特性的研究

研究了浓度、温度、pH值、增塑剂等对醇溶木质素溶胶流变特性的影响.研究结果表明:醇溶木质素溶胶粘度的对数(1g η)与浓度正相关,表现出非牛顿流体特征.溶胶粘度随温度的上升而下降,且变化满足阿累尼乌斯方程;在pH值3.0和pH值9.0附近,溶胶的粘度达到最大值,在pH值7.0附近,溶胶粘度最低;在增塑剂的作用下,溶胶粘度均有增加,增塑剂浓度在0～0.25%范围内,溶胶的粘度与增塑剂浓度正相关.     

基于木质素部分脱除及其含量对生物质热解特性的影响

该研究采用固定床热解炉,研究不同木质素含量花生壳、核桃壳样品的裂解行为,利用元素分析、工业分析、气相色谱-质谱联用以及气相色谱法对原料和热解产物进行分析,探究木质素与综纤维素在原始交联结构下的交互作用及其对热解产物分布特性影响。研究结果发现,300℃热解条件下,随着木质素含量的增加,样品中固体产率增加,液体产率和气体产率下降。500、700℃热解条件下,固体产率相比300℃有大幅度的下降,且随样品中木质素含量的增加,固体产率无明显变化,液体产率稍微增加,气体产率下降。500℃时,H2产率很低,随样品中木质素含量的增加,CO2含量减少,CH4含量增加,CO含量有稍微的上升。而700℃时,综纤维素的脱氢、缩合、成环会生成大量的H2。同时,木质素能够促进综纤维素分解生成大量左旋葡聚糖,并抑制其分解;而综纤维素抑制木质素单体愈创木基的脱甲氧基反应,促进苯丙烷基的脱烷基反应,形成更多的酚类化合物。该研究对于生物质组分间交互和产物形成特性研究具有积极意义。     

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon(Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate(115.2 g L~(-1) Si and 60.5 g L~(-1) Na_2O) and nanosilica( 200 nm), on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C:N:P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1 210,and 2 420 g ha~(-1). Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation,physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control(0 g ha~(-1) Si), regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation(increased by 1.83%) and transpiration rates(increased by 48.3%);however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles;however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.     

Callose and β‐1,3‐glucanase inhibit Phytophthora cinnamomi in a resistant avocado rootstock

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of avocado, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a significant threat to sustainable production wherever the crop is grown. Resistant rootstocks in combination with phosphite applications are the most effective options for managing this disease. Recently, the mechanisms underpinning PRR resistance have been investigated by the avocado community. Here, biochemical assays and confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate early defence responses in PRR resistant and ‐susceptible avocado rootstocks. Zoospore germination and subsequent hyphal growth for the pathogen were significantly inhibited on the surface of resistant avocado roots. When penetration occurred in the resistant R0.06 rootstock, callose was deposited in the epidermal cells, parenchyma and cortex of roots. In addition, β‐1,3‐glucanase was released early (6 h post‐inoculation, hpi) in response to the pathogen, followed by a significant increase in catalase by 24 hpi. In contrast, susceptible R0.12 roots responded only with the deposition of lignin and phenolic compounds incapable of impeding pathogen colonization. In this study, PRR resistance was attributed to a timely multilayered response to infection by P. cinnamomi.     

复合菌剂对玉米秸秆的生物降解作用

为了最大限度地降解农业废弃物玉米秸秆,本研究探讨复合菌剂对玉米秸秆的生物降解作用。采用国家标准中相关测定方法对玉米秸秆中的纤维素和木质素进行测定。结果表明,S-3菌株与白腐真菌复合得到的复合菌剂对玉米秸秆中的纤维素和木质素有很好的降解作用,其最佳降解玉米秸秆的条件为:S-3菌株与白腐菌复合配方为8∶8,料水比为1∶2.5,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为17d。在此条件下,秸秆纤维素的降解率为:35.60%,木质素的降解率为:37.41%。     

真菌固态载体预处理对不灭菌玉米秸秆降解的影响

采用云芝变色栓菌(Trametes versicolor)、色精木霉菌(Trichoderma chromospermum)、深绿木霉菌(Trichoderma atroviride)和云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对干黄玉米秸秆进行真菌预处理。结果显示,真菌预处理不灭菌秸秆30 d后,木质纤维素的降解率几乎可以忽略,在不灭菌的环境中,接入的真菌对秸秆本身附着的微生物群落不能形成竞争优势,造成较低的木质素降解率。而云芝变色栓菌、色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌以及云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对灭菌秸秆预处理30 d后,木质素的降解率分别为34.0%、38.1%、38.1%、39.1%及40.3%。为降低秸秆的灭菌成本,将真菌预处理30 d后的灭菌秸秆作为真菌固态载体与不灭菌秸秆按照1∶9、1∶4及1∶1的干质量比混合培养30 d,结果显示,采用云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌和深绿木霉菌的混合菌固态载体预处理不灭菌秸秆,木质素降解率可达到30%~40%。因而,真菌固态载体可以较好地适应非灭菌环境并对秸秆中的木质素进行有效降解,是一种有效降低过程成本的预处理手段。     

木质素在三氮唑基离子液体中溶解性能的研究

设计合成并表征了3种三氮唑基离子液体:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氮唑盐([Bmim]tr)、N-甲基-N-丁基吗啉三氮唑盐([Bmmo]tr)和N-丁基吡啶三氮唑盐([Bpy]tr),其中木质素在[Bmim]tr中的溶解性能最佳,在55℃的微波加热条件下,木质素溶解度达到58.61 g。采用HSQC、GPC、FT-IR和XRD等技术对[Bmim]tr溶解再生前后的木质素进行了表征,结果表明:在溶解过程中微波加热更有利于破坏木质素的氢键和β-O-4'结构,加速木质素的溶解,并导致木质素非晶态化,而其基本结构单元没有发生改变。分析表明:木质素在离子液体中的溶解机理是氢键的破坏与重组、β-O-4'连接结构的断裂。     

灌溉处理对苜蓿木质素单体分布影响的研究

为给苜蓿品质改良提供科学依据,选用‘新牧1 号’杂花苜蓿为试验材料,采用组织化学染色方法研究灌溉量对苜蓿茎木质素单体分布的影响。结果表明随灌溉量增加,株高和节数呈递增趋势;灌溉量对苜蓿茎木质素单体厚度和比例具有显著影响,750 m3/hm2灌溉量较其他灌溉处理有较多的木质素单体分布;2种木质素单体分布范围存在显著差异,S木质素单体厚度和比例均高于G木质素单体。     

黄孢原毛平革菌发酵稻草秸秆降解木质素的研究

研究利用黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete Chrysosporium Burdsall)对稻草秸秆进行固态发酵,在单因素基础上,通过正交试验得出稻草秸秆木质素的降解最优条件为6.5 g稻草,合成培养液12 mL,接种量0.8 mL(菌悬液浓度5×106 CFU/mL),初始pH值4.5,测得木质素降解率为49.71％.采用扫描电镜SEM对发酵后10d稻草表观形貌进行观察,结果清晰可见,发酵后稻草秸秆表面的空穴增多、增大,表面粗糙度增加,裂解现象明显.     

甘蔗渣纤维素提取及木质素与半纤维素脱除工艺探讨

为了获取优质的纤维素,以甘蔗渣为原料,通过对纤维素提取工艺的探讨,确定了既能保持纤维素提取量,又可较多脱除木质素的工艺条件。试验结果表明,最优工艺条件为质量分数为4%的NaOH溶液和含量为0.7%的H2O2混合液处理,反应温度为85℃,NaClO2处理浓度为9.5 g/L。在此条件下,提取的甘蔗渣纤维素含量为82.73%,木质素的脱除率为94.44%,半纤维素的脱除率为75.54%,从而得到了纯度较高的优质甘蔗渣纤维素。