Improved control of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Contans combined with lignin or a reduced fungicide application

The use of Contans (Coniothyrium minitans) in Belgian commercial lettuce greenhouses has so far not always fulfilled the expectations of growers. With the aim of improving the efficacy of control of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Contans applied alone and Contans combined with Radix (Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii), Kraft pine lignin and Rovral was compared in three successive lettuce crops in a naturally infested greenhouse. At harvest of each crop, the effect on disease incidence, and the effect on viability and fungal infection of sclerotia buried prior to each crop was evaluated. Contans applied alone negatively affected the sclerotial viability, but did not reduce lettuce drop symptoms. The combination of Contans with Kraft pine lignin, on the other hand, reduced sclerotial viability and lettuce drop compared with the untreated control in the last crop. Furthermore, when Contans was combined with Kraft pine lignin, a higher number of infected sclerotia was observed compared with Contans applied alone. When Radix was added to the combination, there was no extra benefit for the control of lettuce drop. The combination of one Rovral application and Contans resulted in a significant control of lettuce drop together with a negative effect on sclerotial survival. Two Rovral applications, by contrast, reduced the ability of C. minitans to parasitize and kill the sclerotia. To conclude, integration of Contans with a reduced Rovral application and with Kraft pine lignin has potential to improve the control of lettuce drop in commercial greenhouses.     

木质素基碳纤维的研究进展

从木质素基碳纤维的制备方法、微细结构和主要性能特征等几个方面,对木质素基碳纤维的研究现状进行了较为全面的归纳,并在此基础上,对今后木质素基碳纤维的研究工作提出了几点建议,旨在使国内的研究者对当前木质素基碳纤维的研究有一个概括性的了解,为科学、高效地利用木质生物质资源提供参考。     

高活性木质素降解菌株T-8的分离、筛选与鉴定

为了筛选对木质素有降解能力的菌株,本试验从菜地土壤、动物粪便、青贮饲料中分离筛选出79株产芽孢细菌,初筛获得具有木质素降解能力的菌株20株,经过复筛,筛选出一株具有较高木质素降解能力的菌株T-8,其木质素过氧化物酶酶活为626.67 U/L。对T-8进行形态鉴定、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),其与B. amyloliquefaciens的相似性高达99.91%。     

酚-硫酸法测定木素磺酸铵中糖含量的研究

采用酚-硫酸法测定木素磺酸铵中糖含量,以葡萄糖为对照,苯酚-硫酸作显色剂,用紫外分光光度计在490 nm处测定吸光度。结果显示：葡萄糖浓度为20～120μg/mL时线性关系显著,R2=0.995 9;精密度RSD=0.034%,稳定性RSD=0.102%,回收率98.99%,RSD=0.871%,重现性RSD=0.336%。酚-硫酸法测定木素磺酸铵中糖含量简便易行,精密度、稳定性、回收性、重现性良好。     

木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的分子特征

本文主要对苯丙氨酸裂解酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）基因、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4-coumarate-CoA ligase,4CL）基因、肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）基因、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POX）基因、漆酶（laccase,LAC）基因、dirigent（DIR）蛋白基因等木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的克隆、表达、调控等研究进展进行综述,旨在揭示上述木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的分子特征,为通过转基因技术来调控植物体中木质素的含量及其化学组成从而得到改良的新植物资源提供思路。     

1,4-丁二醇法对棉秆木质素的高效绿色分离研究

木质素是芳香性单体聚合后形成的天然高分子,对其进行高效绿色分离研究具有重要的意义。将1,4-丁二醇应用于棉秆木质素的分离,通过系统考察和试验优化,得到的最优条件是以80%的1,4-丁二醇为溶剂,按其体积与棉秆质量的比例12∶1(m L∶g)投料,以36%的硫酸为催化剂(用量为溶液体积的2.2%),在210℃下蒸煮3 h后,木质素的产率达到97.4%。对该溶剂的重复利用4次后,木质素的产率才开始明显下降,为木质素的高效绿色分离和棉秆的资源化利用提供了新的方法。     

竹柳材化学性质及其变异性研究

竹柳材因其良好的生物学特性,本世纪初被广泛引种到内蒙古西部干旱和半干旱地区。目前已进入平茬抚育期,间伐竹柳材可以作为人造板工业原材料。通过GB/T2677.2~10-1995、GB/T17660-1999、GB/T6043-2009和硝酸乙醇法,系统测试研究了不同树龄、不同部位的竹柳材的化学成分。结果表明:同一树龄不同部位竹柳材中纤维素、综纤维素、1% NaOH抽提物差异显著。不同树龄竹柳材中纤维素、酸不溶木素、苯醇抽提物和1% NaOH抽提物含量差异显著。通过对竹柳材化学性质的研究,得出竹柳材可以作为人造板材料。     

Accumulation and composition of total organic carbon in reclaimed coal mine lands

Reclaimed coal mine lands have the potential to sequester atmospheric carbon (C); however, limited information exists for the western USA coalfields. This study was carried out on two chronosequences (BA‐C₃ grasses and DJ‐shrubs) of reclaimed sites at two surface coal mines to determine the effects of vegetation, soil texture, and lignin content on soil total organic carbon (TOC) accumulations. In the BA chronosequence, TOC increased over 26 years at an average rate of 0·52 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 0–30 cm depth and was significantly correlated with clay content. Comparison between < 1 and 16‐year‐old stockpile soils indicated TOC content did not differ significantly. In the DJ chronosequence, TOC content in the 0–30 cm depth declined from 31·3 Mg ha⁻¹ in 5‐year‐old soils to 23·4 Mg ha⁻¹ in 16‐year‐old soils. The C:N ratios suggested that some (up to 2·0 per cent) of the TOC was potentially derived from coal particles in these reclaimed soils. Soil total N (TN) contents followed a similar trend as TOC with TOC and TN concentrations strongly correlated. Lignin contents in TOC of all reclaimed soils and topsoil stockpiles (TSs) were higher than that of nearby undisturbed soils, indicating the recalcitrant nature of TOC in reclaimed soils and/or possibly the slow recovery of lignin degrading organism. Results indicated that TOC accumulations in DJ were largely controlled by its composition, particular lignin content. In BA sites TOC accumulation was strongly influenced by both clay and lignin contents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Susceptibility evaluation of Picea abies and Cupressus lusitanica to the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

Pine wilt disease (PWD), recently introduced into Europe, is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and is a devastating illness that affects mainly pine trees. It is known that the PWN is capable of infecting other conifers; however, there is currently no information on which other plant species may be susceptible to PWD. In this study, the potential susceptibility of two common species of European forests, Picea abies and Cupressus lusitanica, to PWN was assessed through the monitoring of visual external symptoms, dimension and localization of the nematode population in stems, quantification of total chlorophyll, total soluble phenolics and lignin, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation. The degree of susceptibility was established through the comparison of symptoms with Pinus pinaster, a well‐known PWN host. Furthermore, the stem ultrastructure of P. abies, C. lusitanica and Pn. pinaster was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that P. abies and C. lusitanica are resistant to PWN, and that lignin biosynthesis in these species is affected at an early stage of the infestation. Nevertheless, P. abies seems to be a compatible host that could act as a repository for PWN.     

油茶籽壳的化学成分分析与扫描电镜观察

用化学分析法测定油茶籽壳的主要成分,并用不同方法处理油茶籽壳后测定其主要成分,同时利用扫描电镜对处理后油茶籽壳的细胞微观结构进行观察。结果表明,油茶籽壳中水分占11.07%,灰分占1.02%,粗脂肪占2.53%,粗蛋白占2.70%,还原糖占1.59%,茶皂素占10.68%,半纤维素占22.00%,纤维素占17.32%,木质素占31.35%,油茶籽壳的成分处理前、后有所变化;油茶籽壳的细胞壁主要由半纤维素、纤维素、木质素组成,且每部分都呈层状结构,半纤维素分布于细胞壁的内层,纤维素分布于细胞壁的中层,木质素分布于纤维素和半纤维素的层状结构之间和细胞壁的外层。