不同配比改良材料对典型城市绿地土壤物理性质的影响

选择土壤物理性质退化的典型绿地——上海辰山植物园,进行不同配比改良材料的现场试验,结果显示:与对照相比,不同配比改良材料能显著改善土壤物理性质;并以配比3(土︰绿化植物废弃物︰有机肥=8︰3︰0.8和0.5 kg/m3脱硫石膏)改良效果最好,其土壤体积质量最低,土壤含水量、饱和持水量、田间持水量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和有效水含量最高,土壤饱和导水率也达到良好水平。在30、90和180天的试验时间内,同一配比土壤物理性质较稳定;各配比土壤水分特征曲线均较好拟合Gardner模型(R20.9)。砂虽能增加土壤导水率,但对绿地土壤物理性质改良综合效果不及绿化植物废弃物或草炭等有机材料;而脱硫石膏对土壤各物理性质的改良作用随试验时间延长,其作用越来越明显。在所有改良材料中,以有机材料和脱硫石膏混合使用效果最佳。     

宁夏盐池县草地沙化对植被与土壤特征的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了盐池县不同沙化程度下草地植被特征和土壤特性的变化,以探讨植被和土壤对沙化的响应机制。结果表明,随着草地沙化程度的加剧,植被组成发生变化,多年生草本植物呈逐渐减少,一年生草本植物呈逐渐增加的趋势;生物多样性指数变化趋势为轻度沙化草地到中度沙化草地增加,自中度沙化草地至极度沙化草地先降低后又增加,中度沙化阶段是草地植物群落特征变化的重要转折时期。随着草地沙化加剧,土壤含水量、有机质、氮含量降低;重度沙化阶段土壤磷、钾含量最高,pH值和可溶性盐无明显变化规律。     

城市土壤重金属有机酸淋溶特征与动力学机制

以典型工业城陕西省铜川市土壤为研究对象,采用BCR(欧共体标准物质局)连续形态分级法和Hakanson潜在风险指数法分别研究了人类活动性元素Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的形态分布特征、环境迁移与生态风险;利用振荡浸提动力学试验(25℃平衡振荡24h)探讨了人工合成低氨基多羧酸(APCAs)乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)和低分子有机酸(LMWOAs)抗坏血酸(Vc)对重金属Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的淋溶解吸特征与动力学机制。结果表明,铜川市工业区土壤重金属污染程度严重,总体潜在生态风险程度较强;重金属Zn和Cu的环境迁移趋势较大。淋溶动力学试验表明,不同类型有机酸对土壤Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn的淋溶解吸具有相似的动力学过程,但淋溶速率和解吸量随有机酸的不同各异。重金属Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn各形态量之和与有机酸EDTA和DTPA淋溶解吸量呈指数关系,而与低分子有机酸Vc淋溶解吸量成线性关系。从而进一步表明低分子有机酸Vc与氨基多羧酸类有机酸EDTA和DTPA对土壤重金属Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn淋溶解吸机制不同。     

茉莉花茶产业概况与创新发展

茉莉花茶是中国具有悠久产销历史的再加工茶类。文章剖析了中国茉莉花茶产销概况,指出了茉莉花茶产业发展的瓶颈,提出了茉莉花茶加工技术创新与产品创新路径,展望了茉莉花茶产业发展前景,阐述了茉莉花茶的健康属性与消费空间。笔者认为,依托创新驱动,茉莉花茶产业将具有较大的发展潜力和市场消费空间。     

Earthworm biomass and population structure are negatively associated with changes in organic residue nitrogen concentration during vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is an efficient and environmentally friendly technology to dispose of agricultural organic residues. The efficiency of organic residue decomposition during vermicomposting is directly affected by the biomass and population structure of earthworms. In this study, we investigated how the earthworm biomass and population structure responded to changes in the physicochemical properties of six types of organic residue (cattle dung, herbal waste, rice straw, soybean straw, garden waste, and tea residues) during vermicomposting. Each type of organic residues was placed in a pot with earthworms Eisenia fetida, and the physicochemical properties of the organic residues and earthworm growth dynamics were recorded at 0, 30, 60, and 90 d of vermicomposting. The biomass and population structure of earthworms were stable or increased in rice straw, garden waste, and cattle dung within 60 d of vermicomposting, whereas in tea residues and herb waste, very little earthworm activity (3 adults and 2 cocoons) was recorded on day 30. Among the physicochemical parameters, the substrate C/N ratio was negatively correlated with earthworm growth dynamics. Decomposing organic residues showed higher NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations but a lower total organic carbon content, which negatively affected earthworm growth and reproduction. We recommend that chemical properties of vermicomposting systems should be monitored regularly. At the threshold levels of decomposing organic residue NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations, earthworms should be removed and the vermicompost can be harvested. Small- and large-scale farmers thus need to monitor the physicochemical properties of vermicompost to sustain active earthworm populations.     

基于近红外光谱的室温贮藏下鲜枣霉菌污染动力学模型

为了预测鲜枣常温贮藏的保鲜期,确保鲜枣的品质要求及食用安全,应用近红外光谱建立了室温贮藏下鲜枣内部霉菌菌落总数变化的动力学模型。通过对几种数据预处理方法的比较及特征波数的选择,实现了鲜枣霉菌菌落总数变化的近红外模型的优选。结果表明:经过多元散射校正处理的鲜枣近红外光谱,应用多元线性回归方法建立的霉菌菌落总数模型预测能力较好,校正集相关系数为0.920,均方根误差为1.503,预测集相关系数为0.889,均方根误差为1.514。同时,将近红外光谱模型应用于霉菌菌落总数随贮藏时间变化的零级反应动力学模型中,得到模型的相关系数为0.981。根据近红外光谱吸光度值与贮藏时间的线性关系,当霉菌菌落总数初始值小于等于10cfu/g时,预测出鲜枣在室温下的保鲜期一般为8d。研究表明,结合动力学模型的近红外光谱技术可以作为一种无损、快速检测方法来检测鲜枣霉菌菌落总数变化。     

滤料运动提高往复式微珠生物过滤器效率

为确定滤料往复运动在生物滤器硝化反应过程中的作用,该研究围绕滤料运动对往复式微珠生物过滤器硝化反应效率和动力学的影响进行了试验,利用一套微珠生物过滤器,填充发泡聚苯乙烯颗粒(expanded polystyrene beads,EPS)滤料,粒径为3mm,滤料层高度26cm,对其过滤效果进行试验。结果表明,滤料层的往复运动显著影响过滤器的处理效果,滤料的运动停止后,过滤器的效率缓慢下降,6d后的氨氮去除负荷降低了27.1%。动力学研究结果显示,滤料运动改变了过滤器的硝化反应动力学特性,与静止状态相比,硝化反应自零级动力学向半级动力学升级的分界点显著降低,进一步证明滤料运动可以改善营养物质的传质情况,提高生物膜活性,提升过滤器效率。     

骆马湖滨岸缓冲带土壤性质的空间异质性分析

通过野外调查、采样以及地统计学的方法,研究了骆马湖东南岸有草和无草两块滨岸缓冲区土壤的氮、磷、有机质含量的异质性特征,探讨植物带对污染物的富集、截留作用.结果表明:有草区土壤的TN、TP及有机质的平均含量均大于无草区;在骆马湖滨岸缓冲带,不同的植物群落对氮、磷元素的截留、富集效率差异不大;植物群落对有机质的截留作用不明显,有草区和无草区的有机质含量的性质较为接近.滨岸缓冲带植物能够通过吸收、截留、吸附、分解等作用减少湖泊水体中的碳、氮、磷的含量.研究结果可为骆马湖非点源的治理提供理论参考,为湖泊滨岸缓冲带的研究和构建提供借鉴.     

不同菌剂对栽参土壤中莠去津降解效果的影响

从多年施用莠去津的栽参土壤中分离出降解效果良好的2株细菌、2株真菌和3株放线菌,制成混合菌剂,代号分别为AM、AF、AS,对其在田间土壤中的定殖情况和降解效果进行了研究。结果表明：细菌接种后经过20．0d的延缓期菌体细胞开始增殖,而真菌和放线菌没有明显的延缓期。土壤中莠去津降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,细菌和放线菌菌剂对栽参土中莠去津有明显的降解效果,其半衰期分别为20．0,17．6d,真菌的降解效果较差,其降解半衰期为31．4d。     

Anatomical and Chemical Characteristics of a Rolling Leaf Mutant of Rice and Its Ecophysiological Properties

The anatomical and chemical characteristics of a rolling leaf mutant (r/m) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its ecophysiological properties in photosynthesis and apoplastic transport were investigated. Compared with the wild type (WT),the areas of whole vascular bundles and xylem as well as the ratios of xylem area/whole vascular bundles area and xylem area/phloem area were higher in r/m, whereas the area and the width of foliar bulliform cell were lower. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy spectra of foliar cell walls differed greatly between r/m and WT. The r/m exhibited lower protein and polysaccharide contents of foliar cell walls. An obvious reduction of pectin content was also found in r/m by biochemical measurements. Moreover, the rate of photosynthesis was depressed while the conductance of stoma and the intercellular CO2 concentration were enhanced in rim. The PTS fluorescence, which represents the ability of apoplastic transport, was 11% higher in r/m than in WT. These results suggest that the changes in anatomical and chemical characteristics of foliar vascular bundles, such as the reduction of proteins, pectins, and other polysaccharides of foliar cell walls, participate in the leaf rolling mutation, and consequently lead to the reduced photosynthetic dynamics and apoplastic transport ability in the mutant.