基于空间分布的草原化荒漠地区红砂种群水分利用策略研究

[目的]研究区域尺度上荒漠灌木水分适应与分布格局相呼应关系,揭示干旱半干旱地区植物种群对环境响应的过程与机理,为深入理解植物与环境协同进化规律提供依据。[方法]采用点格局分析方法和氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术,分析了红砂(Reaumuria songarica)种群的空间分布格局、水分利用策略。[结果](1)在完全空间随机零模型下,红砂种群在<3 m尺度内均匀分布,在>32 m尺度内聚集分布,种群内部生态关系由竞争向促进转变;消除生境异质性后,种群在>30 m尺度下呈现随机分布,种内生态关系呈现减弱的趋势。红砂种群空间分布格局的形成过程中生境异质性在大尺度上起到了重要作用。(2)随着多年平均降水量的减少,红砂种群的水分利用深度由0—20 cm加深到60—100 cm;红砂种群的密度与多年降水呈现极显著负相关(p<0.01),样地的植被盖度变化主要受草本盖度影响,红砂植被盖度变化不显著。[结论]随着多年平均降水量的减少,红砂种群的分布格局受环境异质性影响。通过增加植株密度,红砂可以利用更深层的土壤水分适应环境胁迫。     

Effect of Pichia membranaefaciens on ROS metabolism and postharvest disease control in citrus fruit

The yeast Pichia membranaefaciens has antagonistic effects against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest fruit decay. This work evaluated the effects of P. membranaefaciens on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and disease control in harvested citrus fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). The lesion diameter caused by Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum on citrus fruit was remarkably reduced when the fruit was point-inoculated or dipped in a suspension of P. membranaefaciens at 1 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹. The application of P. membranaefaciens on citrus fruit enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, as well as the levels of hydrogen peroxide, the superoxide anion and glutathione, but inhibited the decreasing ascorbic acid content. Furthermore, catalase activity was decreased by the same treatment. These results indicated that yeast treatment induced the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes which might have antagonistic effects against postharvest green and blue mold infection in citrus fruit.     

排硫硫杆菌净化处理沼气中H_2S实验研究

文章以排硫硫杆菌(Tiobacillus thioparus)作为接种菌株,实验了活性炭填料生物滴滤塔对沼气中H_2S的去除性能,研究了进气H_2S浓度、气体停留时间等参数对生物滴滤塔去除沼气中H_2S性能的影响。结果表明,以球状活性炭为填料,采用排硫硫杆菌接种生物滴滤塔处理含H_2S沼气,挂膜速度快,系统运行稳定且脱硫效率高。固定进气H_2S浓度1000 ppm,停留时间大于29 s时,H_2S去除率可以达到95%以上。动力学分析表明,生物降解一级反应动力学方程能够较好地与实验数据吻合,最大H_2S去除负荷为588.02 g·m^-3h^-1。随着实验的进行,填料塔的压力降会因为生物膜的生长和单质硫的积累逐渐增加,严重时导致气体完全堵塞,需要进行鼓泡反冲以除去积累的单质硫。     

玉米秸秆纤维素的磷酸结合碱性过氧化氢分离

传统玉米秸秆纤维素分离工艺中,一般采用硫酸等强酸进行处理,存在酸腐蚀性强及碱消耗量大等问题。基于此,研究以磷酸预处理结合碱性过氧化氢的处理工艺,探究处理过程中玉米秸秆纤维素、半纤维素及木质素质量分数的变化。通过单因素试验优化得到适宜工艺为:磷酸处理温度150℃,处理时间1. 5 h,磷酸质量分数1. 67%,氢氧化钠质量分数1. 0%,过氧化氢质量分数2. 0%,处理温度50℃,处理时间3 h,在此条件下制备的玉米秸秆纤维素得率达89. 02%,半纤维素去除率达93. 25%,木质素去除率达95. 18%,纤维素质量分数达90. 19%,同时在稀磷酸处理过程获得的滤液中能得到高副加值产物木糖、阿拉伯糖以及糠醛,半纤维素的回收率高达93. 81%。通过FTIR、SEM、AFM和XRD等测试分析发现,玉米秸秆经过磷酸处理后能有效去除半纤维素,碱性过氧化氢处理能脱除木质素组分,两步处理过程中秸秆纤维素晶型无变化,但是结晶度显著提高,热稳定性增强。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的矮砧苹果树根系吸水深度研究

为了研究矮砧苹果树根系吸水深度,利用氢氧稳定同位素技术,测定了7年生矮砧苹果树在萌芽花期、新梢旺长期和果实膨大期不同深度土壤水的稳定同位素值,并应用IsoSource多元线性模型分析水源的水分贡献率。结果表明:矮砧苹果树在萌芽花期主要利用0~20 cm(59.5%)处的土壤水;在新梢旺长期6月主要吸水深度为0~20 cm(42.9%)和20~40 cm(11.1%);新梢旺长期7月根系的主要吸水深度为0~20 cm(24.3%)和20~40 cm(29.1%);果实膨大期8月为0~20 cm(23.6%)、20~40 cm(37.1%)和40~60 cm(11.6%);果实膨大期9月为0~20 cm(26.3%)、20~40 cm(27.3%)和40~60 cm(13.8%)。     

吸附法固定光合细菌技术产氢能力的研究

研究了吸附法固定光合细菌的产氢能力,结果表明采用不同的吸附材料固定光合细菌,其产氢能力与游离态细菌相比均有提高.产氢能力最好的是大粒经陶粒,平均总产氢量达到452.7 mL,是对照组游离态细菌总产氢量的2.16倍,平均产氢速率是对照组的1.95倍,小粒径陶粒的产氢能力次之,平均总产氢量是对照组的1.72倍,平均产氢速率是对照组的1.73倍,沙砾和大孔树脂的产氢能力低于陶粒,但优于游离态细菌,产氢量分别是对照组的1.43倍和1.09倍,产氢速率分别是对照组的1.34倍和1.08倍.研究还发现采用吸附法固定光合细菌进行产氢,不仅能提高产氢能力,而且能提高氢气含量,延长产氢时间.     

秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护研究

文章针对凤凰村秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护中存在的问题,进行分析并提出了相应的解决办法,为今后秸秆沼气集中供气工程建设及运营提供经验和借鉴。     

CeO2添加比例对Fe基催化剂催化纤维素气化制氢的影响

为研究CeO2添加对生物质催化气化制氢特性的影响，该研究采用分级气化系统分析了不同CeO2/Fe2O3比例（Ce∶Fe摩尔比为0∶1、3∶7、5∶5、7∶3、1∶0）双金属催化剂对纤维素水蒸气催化重整制氢气体产物产量、组成以及催化剂的结构演变特性的影响。结果表明，CeO2/Fe2O3催化剂在制氢反应中的催化性能明显优于纯CeO2或Fe2O3催化剂，当Ce∶Fe摩尔比为3∶7时，在800℃下氢气的最大产率为21.63 mmol/g（以纤维素计，下同）；当温度大于等于800℃时，催化剂氧化还原反应后可生成CeFeO3，且CeFeO3的存在对纤维素水蒸气气化过程有促进作用。CeO2的引入提高了催化剂的氧化性能和稳定性，提高了使用寿命。该研究对生物质气化机制的深入理解具有一定的指导意义。     

Mechanisms associated with tiller suppression under stagnant flooding in rice

Stagnant flooding (SF) during vegetative growth triggers stem elongation usually at the cost of tiller production in rice, reducing grain yield. To explore physiological mechanisms associated with tillering suppression under SF, three contrasting genotypes (Swarna and Swarna‐Sub1, both sensitive and IRRI154, tolerant) were evaluated under standing water depths of 0, 5, 30 and 50 cm. SF significantly suppressed tiller formation but increased plant height, root biomass, shoot elongation (ratio of plant height before and after flooding), leaf emergency and non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration (in root–shoot junction) in all genotypes at the early stage of development. Chlorophyll concentration in the upper leaves (upper most fully expanded leaf at top) was higher than in lower leaves (lowest green leaf at base), but decreased under SF in both. SF increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at the early stage of treatment, with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production by stems and leaves. MDA concentration in root–shoot junction increased but delayed. Tiller number correlated negatively with plant height, shoot elongation, leaf emergency, MDA concentration in leaves and root–shoot junction, root biomass, and NSC concentration in the root–shoot junction. The results suggested existence of compensatory mechanisms between tiller growth and shoot elongation in rice for resilience under SF, where energy is mainly diverted for shoot elongation to escape flooding. The SF‐tolerant genotype produced less H₂O₂ and maintained energy balance for higher survival and better growth under stagnant flooding.     

延胡索酸泰妙菌素成盐结晶工艺优化

水洗后的泰妙碱4-甲基-2-戊酮(MIBK)溶液通过降膜浓缩,使MIBK与水形成的二元共沸物在减压条件下蒸发,脱去水分,代替向泰妙碱溶液加入无水硫酸钠吸水的生产工艺。提高成盐结晶溶剂甲醇的加入比例,对结晶过程的搅拌速度分段控制,严格控制析晶过程各项参数。将延胡索酸泰妙菌素晶体干粉溶于甲醇,重结晶析出的纯净的针形晶体干燥后磨细作为晶种。这些措施优化了延胡索酸泰妙菌素成盐结晶工艺流程,降低了生产成本,提高了结晶收率和产品质量。