Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

亚硒酸钠浸种对春小麦种子萌发特性的研究

为研究硒浸种对春小麦种子活力和幼苗生长特性的影响,分别设置0,0.5,1.0,2.5,3.5,5.0,10.0,50.0 mg/L共8个亚硒酸钠溶液浓度,通过发芽试验,比较研究了不同浓度的亚硒酸钠浸种对春小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:随着亚硒酸钠溶液浓度升高,春小麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗和根长以及干鲜重等指标均呈先升高后下降的趋势;1.0 mg/L的亚硒酸钠溶液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用;随着亚硒酸钠浓度的升高(≥2.5 mg/L),其各项指标显著下降,并对根和苗的生长表现出抑制作用;因此在实际生产中,掌握合适的硒浸种浓度非常关键.     

Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China

Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N₂. Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean–wheat, soybean–wheat, and mung bean–wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162 kg N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53–76 kg N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32 kg N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7–27 kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13–48% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0–100 cm and 100–200 cm by 4.8 and 19.6 kg N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.     

基于案例推理的产品质量安全风险评估研究

为了建立健全产品质量安全风险管理体系，加强产品质量安全风险预警的要求，同时最大程度地利用过去成功的风险评估案例，构建了基于案例推理的产品质量安全风险评估系统。针对某种产品，根据专家的知识建立风险评估指标体系，并将每个评估指标赋权重，计算与案例库中的各个案例相似度，寻找出最大相似度案例，据此，辅助相关人员对目标案例进行风险分析与评估。     

基于叶气温差的生育中期冬小麦水分亏缺诊断研究

为了获取叶片尺度基于叶气温差的冬小麦生育中期水分亏缺诊断阈值,分析了冬小麦叶气温差的典型日变化及其与土壤水分、空气温度及太阳辐射等因子的相互关系,揭示了冬小麦叶气温差对光合气体交换参数的影响,确定了冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值及叶气温差范围。结果表明,冬小麦叶气温差在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,随光量子通量增加而升高,随土壤水分、气温增加而降低;4、5和6月冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值范围分别为0.7~1.3、1.1~2.0和0.9~1.5,叶气温差控制范围分别为-1.2~0.4、-1.5~-1和-1.25~-0.9℃。     

稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响

为了研究稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响,通过大区试验,分析了稻秸全量还田下不同耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗率、出苗均匀性及产量性状的影响。结果显示,相同的播种方式下,浅耕处理小麦出苗率高于免耕处理,但出苗均匀性差于后者;相同的耕作方式下,播种方式对小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性的影响差异较大,其中,机械匀播方式下小麦出苗率最高,出苗均匀性最好;小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性通过影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重而影响籽粒产量,同一耕作方式下机械匀播小麦籽粒产量均高于其余2种播种方式,免耕和浅耕下机械匀播小麦产量分别达6484.35 kg/hm~2和6476.20 kg/hm~2。因此,稻秸全量还田条件下,建议采用免耕机械匀播方式,能有效改善小麦田间出苗情况,进而获得较高的籽粒产量。     

APSIM模型的研究进展及其在中国的应用

作物模型可以在已有研究资料基础上对在多种模拟条件下的作物生长情况进行模拟,预测未知风险,优化农业资源管理措施,为农业生产的管理经营提供科学指导。APSIM模型就是作物模型的典型代表。为了研究APSIM模型的结构特征和它在中国的应用现状,本文首先阐述了APSIM模型的发展历史、运行框架、模块结构组成,其次归纳总结了APSIM模型在中国气候变化评估和农田管理方面的应用以及在中国各个气候区域的应用,最后指出了APSIM模型在中国应用时所出现的问题,并为APSIM模型的应用提出了与RS技术和GIS技术相结合等一些意见。     

Survey and new insights in the application of PCR‐based molecular markers for identification of HMW‐GS at the Glu‐B1 locus in durum and bread wheat

Wheat, among all cereal grains, possesses unique characteristics conferred by gluten; in particular, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) are of considerable interest as they strictly relate to bread‐making quality and contribute to strengthening and stabilizing dough. Thus, the identification of allelic composition, in particular at the Glu‐B1 locus, is very important to wheat quality improvement. Several PCR‐based molecular markers to tag‐specific HMW glutenin genes encoding Bx and By subunits have been developed in recent years. This study provides a survey of the molecular markers developed for the HMW‐GS at the Glu‐B1 locus. In addition, a selection of molecular markers was tested on 31 durum and bread wheat cultivars containing the By8, By16, By9, Bx17, Bx6, Bx14 and Bx17 Glu‐B1 alleles, and a new assignation was defined for the ZSBy9_aF1/R3 molecular marker that was specific for the By20 allele. We believe the results constitute a practical guide for results that might be achieved by these molecular markers on populations and cultivars with high variability at the Glu‐B1 locus.     

人工合成小麦紫色胚芽鞘的遗传定位分析

为探明小麦花青素色素沉积的关键位点,以167份重组自交系群体为材料,利用已构建的高密度遗传图谱对来源于硬粒小麦(AABB)和节节麦亚种tauschii(DD)杂交后所得的人工合成小麦SHW-L1中控制紫色胚芽鞘的基因进行遗传定位。同时利用目标性状关联遗传区段对SHW-L1及其亲本进行基因型鉴定。结果表明:目标性状在重组自交系群体中表现为单基因遗传,且被定位于7D染色体,其关联遗传区段在异源六倍化过程中有遗传位点缺失。     

水、旱条件下小麦苗期部分农艺性状的遗传分析

为研究水分胁迫对小麦幼苗部分农艺性状的影响,分析这些性状与干旱胁迫的关系。以‘青麦6号’和‘烟农24’杂交形成的F2:3群体为材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其进行遗传分析。水、旱2种条件下,根长和根鲜重均为1对加性-显性效应主基因模型;茎鲜重、茎干重、根干重、根茎鲜重比和根茎干重比的最适遗传模型不同。干旱胁迫条件下,茎鲜重主基因遗传率为37%,茎干重、根长、根鲜重、根干重、根茎鲜重比及根茎干重比主基因遗传率分别是51%、81%、74%、56%、50%、68%。茎鲜重、茎干重、根干重等性状,尽管检测到主基因,但在水旱条件下遗传模型不同,可进一步研究其遗传规律。