生鲜肉类食品供应链碳排放测算及动态优化研究

以生鲜肉类食品供应链作为研究对象,基于生命周期理论界定生鲜肉类食品供应链碳排放的系统边界,并结合系统动力学方法建立生鲜肉类食品供应链的系统动力学模型,探讨肉类食品供应链的碳排放问题。研究结果表明:1)1t生鲜肉在其生命周期内产生的碳排放为166.97kg,其中生产、运输、仓储和销售环节中碳排放分别占总供应链的28.68%、52.37%、8.90%和10.04%,运输环节对全供应链的碳排放贡献率最高。2)动态优化研究发现,运输环节改变长途运输方式、生产环节废弃物回收利用及优化生产设备效率、销售环节降低设备功率取得的碳排放优化效果最佳,在2018年供应链碳排放分别降低了41.10%、4.70%、1.61%和1.25%。3)目前优化运输能源结构、开发可再生的清洁能源已成为大势所趋,且模拟结果表明,运输中燃烧生物柴油可降低供应链碳排放的13.10%,减排效果较为显著。4)在生鲜肉预冷过程中降低制冷系统能耗、在冷藏及销售过程中提高设备空间利用率可分别使供应链年碳排放降低2 100、1 600t,虽实施效果较小,但该措施便于操作,是降低供应链碳排放的有效途径。     

Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles and mineral sources on gaseous emissions

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an important ethanol industry co-product, has been used as a high-protein feed in poultry production. Limited studies exist on their effect on air emissions, however. In the current study, 4 diets (2 × 2 factorial design: 0 or 20% DDGS + inorganic or organic mineral sources) were fed to Hy-line W36 hens from 50 to 53 wk of age and the effects of DDGS level and mineral sources on air emissions were monitored continuously for a 23-d period in environmentally controlled chambers. The NH₃, H₂ S, CH₄, nonmethane hydrocarbons, N₂ O, CO₂, and CO₂-equivalent emissions ranged from 0.51 to 0.64 g/day-hen, 0.71 to 0.84 mg/day-hen, 33.9 to 46.0 mg/day-hen, 54.1 to 60.0 mg/day-hen, 66.0 g to 72.2 g/day-hen, and 83.1 to 92.1 g/day-hen, respectively. Feeding DDGS to laying hens resulted in 14% decreased NH₃ emissions but a 19% increase in CH₄ emissions without affecting other gaseous emissions. More than 30% of N, 80% of P, 80% of K, and 50% of Ca was retained in the manure. In conclusion, feeding laying hens a diet containing 20% DDGS may be beneficial for the environment. Substitution for organic trace minerals did not affect hen performance or air emissions.     

菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入中国的风险分析

从世界分布、主要寄主、经济重要性、传入可能性和风险管理难度5个方面对菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入我国的风险进行评估。结果表明,该病菌是特别危险的有害生物。根据分析结果提出了非疫区输入、输出国应严格检疫、进境口岸加严检查等相应的风险管理措施。     

我国典型茶区化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据和文献调研方法,估算了我国14个典型茶区中化学氮肥施用、生产及运输过程中的温室气体排放量。结果表明,化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N₂O直接排放和生产过程中的温室气体排放是茶园化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体主要排放源;14个典型茶区消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量(以CO₂排放当量计算)为16.81~344.80万t·a^-1,其中贵州、云南、湖北和四川4省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量较高,均超过200万t·a^-1,占全部区域温室气体排放量的59.98%;单位面积温室气体排放量为3.22~9.76 t·hm^-2·a^-1,单位产量温室气体排放量为2.10~12.96 t·t^-1·a^-1、单位产值温室气体排放量0.39~1.90 t·万元^-1·a^-1;总体而言,贵州、云南、湖北、湖南和四川5省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量、单位面积温室气体排放量、单位产量温室气体排放量和单位产值温室气体排放量较高,福建、河南省及重庆市3个茶区相对较低。在茶园化学氮肥施用量控制为300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2两种情景下,茶园生态系统温室气体减排总量为617.07万t·a^-1和228.94万t·a^-1,减排潜力为34.12%和12.66%,减排潜力较大的区域主要有湖北、四川、贵州、湖南和江西等5省。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊氮沉积和养分排放的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊氮沉积和养分排放的影响,以期为空怀期云南半细毛羊饲粮配比和减少环境负荷研究提供理论参考。试验选用50只体况良好、体重相近、38月龄的空怀期云南半细毛羊,随机分成5个组(每组10只),分别饲喂蛋白质水平为7.60%(组1)、9.49%(组2)、11.29%(组3)、11.56%(组4)和14.96%(组5)的饲粮,饲粮其他营养水平保持一致。试验羊进行19d的饲养试验,其中预试期14d,正试期5d。正试期从每组选择5只试验羊进行消化代谢试验,试验羊在代谢笼中单笼饲养,采用全收粪尿法连续收集5d粪便,并采集饲粮样品。结果表明:1)饲粮蛋白质水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊的干物质采食量和粪干物质排放量无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)随着饲粮蛋白质水平的升高,氮摄入量呈显著或极显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01);组3的氮沉积率极显著高于组1(P<0.01),其他组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)粪氮排放量随饲粮蛋白质水平的升高逐渐增加,组2与组1、组3差异不显著(P>0.05),其他组间差异极显著(P<0.01);粪钙排放量以组3最低(5.04g/d),且极显著低于组5(P<0.01);粪磷排放量随饲粮蛋白质水平的升高逐渐增加,组1、组2、组3极显著低于组5(P<0.01),组4显著低于组5(P<0.05)。4)尿氮排放量随着饲粮蛋白质水平的升高逐渐增加,组2与组1、组3差异不显著(P>0.05),其他组间差异极显著(P<0.01);尿钙排放量以组3最低,为1.18g/d,比组1、组5分别降低0.53和0.78g/d;尿磷排放量组1显著低于组5(P<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。5)粪尿氮排放总量组5极显著高于其他组(P<0.01),粪尿钙排放总量组3极显著低于其他组(P<0.01),粪尿磷排放总量组1、组2极显著低于组5(P<0.01)。6)粪氮占比为72.44%~42.06%,随着饲粮蛋白质水平的升高逐渐降低,尿氮占比为27.56%~57.94%,随着饲粮蛋白质水平的升高逐渐升高;粪、尿钙和磷占比各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,当饲粮蛋白质水平为11.29%时,空怀期云南半细毛羊的氮沉积最佳,粪尿钙排放总量最低;饲粮蛋白质水平在一定范围(7.06%~11.56%)时对空怀期云南半细毛羊粪尿磷排放总量无显著影响;空怀期云南半细毛羊对钙、磷的排放以从粪中排放为主,多余的氮则主要从尿中以尿氮的形式排出。     

代谢组学技术在有毒有害物质检测应用中的研究进展

有毒有害物质如致病微生物、生物毒素、农药、兽药及添加剂残留等会造成极大的食品安全隐患,严重威胁人类健康。目前,对有毒有害物质的风险监测仍然面临着巨大挑战。代谢组学技术通过考察生物受到有毒有害物的刺激或干扰后代谢产物的变化,进行系统的定量定性分析,获得具有高度敏感性及特异性的代谢组学投影,适用于对多种微量毒物的鉴别监测。同时,代谢组学技术可反映出毒物代谢过程中可能的生物标志物,为毒物代谢过程和毒理机制的进一步研究提供参考。因此,以色谱质谱联用、核磁共振等为代表的代谢组学方法逐渐成为检测和研究有毒有害物质的关键技术,为其风险评估提供依据。同时各种生物标志物的发现及检测方法的优化将进一步促进代谢组学技术在毒物监测中的实际应用。作者介绍了代谢组学技术的产生和发展,总结了代谢组学技术对常见有毒有害物质的检测方法和生物标志物的研究进展,旨在为代谢组学技术在有毒有害物质检测中的进一步应用提供参考。     

Influence of air porosity on distribution of gases in soil under assay for denitrification

 There has been concern that the measurement of gas emissions from a soil surface may not accurately reflect gas production within the soil profile. But, there have been few direct assessments of the error associated with the use of surface emissions for estimating gas production within soil profiles at different water contents. To determine the influence of air porosity on the distribution of gases within soil profiles, denitrification assays were performed using soil columns incubated with different water contents to provide air porosities of 18%, 13%, and 0% (equivalent to 62%, 73%, and 100% water-filled pore space, respectively). The soil columns were formed by packing sieved soil into cylinders which could be sealed at the top to form a headspace for the measurement of surface emissions of soil gases. Gas-permeable silicone tubing was placed at three depths (4.5, 9, and 13.5 cm) within each soil core to permit the measurement of gas concentration gradients within the soil core. Assays for denitrification were initiated by the addition of acetylene (5 kPa) to the soil column, and gas samples were taken from both the headspace and gas-permeable tubing at various times during a 46-h incubation. The results showed that at 18% air porosity, the headspace gases were well equilibrated with pore-space gases, and that gas emissions from the soil could provide good estimates of N₂O and CO₂ production. At air porosities of 13% and 0%, however, substantial storage of these gases occurred within the soil profiles, and measurements of surface emissions of gas from the soils greatly underestimated gas production. For example, the sole use of N₂O emission measurements caused three to five fold underestimates of N₂O production in soil maintained at 13% air porosity. It was concluded that the confounding influence of soil moisture on gas production and transport in soil greatly limits the use of surface emissions as a reliable indicator of gas production. This is particularly pertinent when assessing processes such as denitrification in which N gas production is greatly promoted by the conditions that limit O₂ influx and concurrently limit N gas efflux. Received: 15 January 1999     

水中丝状藻类有害藻华的形成与对策

文章通过对常见丝状藻类及其形成藻华形态的描述,综述丝状藻藻华的形成条件及危害,说明各种水体中控制丝状藻藻华的必要性和紧迫性,概述了常见控制藻类药物和药物的致毒机理,为丝状藻类及其藻华的控制提供参考。     

杭州规模化猪场两种通风模式下育肥舍内环境因子的比较分析

【目的】研究两种通风模式下杭州地区规模化猪场舍内环境参数及其分布规律,筛选出适合本地区推广的通风模式。【方法】选取杭州地区具有代表性的横向通风和纵向通风两种通风模式下育肥舍为研究对象,开展了早、中、晚3个不同时间点,进风口、舍中央和排风口3个不同位置的热环境参数、有害气体浓度的监测,持续监测1周。分析不同时间点和舍内不同位置对热环境参数(温度、相对湿度、风速)以及有害气体(氨气(NH₃)和硫化氢(H₂S))浓度的影响,并对两种模式下的热环境参数及有害气体浓度进行比较分析;采用空气沉淀法收集舍内环境中的细菌,并对细菌进行培养及统计分析,比较两种模式下育肥舍中细菌数量差异。【结果】两种通风模式下育肥舍相对湿度均低于国家标准,位置和各时间点对相对湿度影响不大,其中纵向通风舍内的相对湿度显著高于横向通风模式(P<0.05)。两种通风模式舍内平均温度没有显著性差异(P>0.05),舍内中午温度显著高于早、晚(P<0.05),位置对纵向通风舍内温度影响较大。纵向通风舍内平均风速为(1.09±0.42)m/s,符合国家标准且极显著高于横向...