Census and effective population sizes of white‐spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) in a fragmented landscape

Several habitat models have been proposed to predict population size for stream fishes and to guide habitat assessment and monitoring techniques. However, most models do not incorporate the potential advantage of molecular genetic markers. We conducted a field survey and microsatellite DNA analyses to quantify the relationships among genetic diversity, census/effective population size and habitat variables in fragmented populations of white‐spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis). The census population size significantly increased with the stream length, the number of pools and a pool‐riffle sequence index, a proxy for channel‐unit habitat type complexity within reaches. Population density was correlated with the pool‐riffle sequence index only. Genetic diversity and effective population size were not correlated with the habitat variables or census population size. There was a lack of isolation‐by‐distance population structure in the studied populations. Our results suggest that stream length and the number of pools within reaches associated with habitat complexity are the habitat variables that explain the majority of variation in population size of white‐spotted charr. Our findings provide further evidence that census population size per se is a poor indicator of the inclusive genetic diversity within populations in a fragmented landscape.     

Invasive black spiny‐tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) on Gasparilla Island,Florida, USA

The native range of Ctenosaura similis extends from southern Mexico through Panama. From an initial introduction of 3 animals in 1979, the species now numbers in the thousands on Gasparilla Island in southwest Florida. In response to complaints of property damage from residents and threats to native species, local officials and the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services began a removal program in 2008. Through 2011, trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs. The number removed declined from 32 iguanas/day in 2008 to 1.9 iguanas/day in 2011 despite no easing of the control effort. We necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural history. Females outnumbered males overall, although the largest size class (>300 mm snout–vent length) included 32 males and just 2 females. Reproduction was seasonal. We found oviducal eggs in females from early Apr to early Jun, approximately 2 months later than C. similis in its native range. We trapped hatchlings from late Jul to early Oct coincident with the summer rainy season. Clutch size increased with female body size, with 62 being the largest clutch size recorded. In general, the biology of the invasive population on Gasparilla Island resembles native C. similis populations in Central America, except for the lack of large individuals. We suggest that shorter day length and colder temperatures create environmental conditions that are suboptimal for individual growth compared to those in the native range.     

数字化时代经典阅读在大学通识教育中的价值探讨

经典的特殊品质使经典阅读具有丰富与提升人的精神世界的的功能,而经典的这种功能因与通识教育培养身心和谐、全面发展的人的期许相呼应而成为实施通识教育的重要法门。数字化时代,以数字图解或缩写的经典由于缺乏高度思维性的语言建构、深刻的内心体验和对人类生存真相的不断追问,显然不具有传统经典理性认知的深度和精神升华的品格,至于仅仅载体发生改变的经典,其所承载的文化力量并没有发生改变。因此,数字化时代经典阅读依然是开展通识教育的重要选择。     

Cortical monoterpene variation in natural populations of Pinus sylvestris in Sweden

Cortical oleoresins were obtained from 10 natural populations of Pinus sylvestris L. from different geographical localities. Gas chromatography was used to determine quantities of individual monoterpenes. Considerable variation was found in monoterpene composition among different populations. High proportions of limonene occurred in greater percentages in trees of northern origins, while high sabinene was frequently found in southern trees. Mean proportions of limonene and sabinene in the populations were clinal with latitude. For some monoterpenes, variation coefficients as a measure of variability within populations appeared to be clinal with latitude. 85.4% of the variance in monoterpene composition was found within populations and 14.6 between populations. Discriminant analysis differentiates populations from different geographical localities into different groups. The differences in monoterpene patterns between adjacent populations were statistically nonsignificant. It is recommended that monoterpene composition be used for more general study of genetic variation, geographical distinction between different populations and seed certification purposes.     

论人口、环境与可持续发展

运用社会生态学、经济伦理学和人口经济学等跨学科研究方法 ,揭示了人口环境系统的特征、动因及其容量。描述了人口对环境的压力和环境对人口的威胁。预测了全球与中国面临的人口环境挑战。     

城市地下管线信息系统在GIS下的建立

从地下管线管理的角度阐述了建立城市地下管线信息系统的重要性，提出了以全市区地形图，规划图和管线普查成果与管线竣工测量成果作为系统的基本数据，以ＧＩＳ软件为支撑平台进行开发，实现地下管线管理所需的查询，分析，综合，统计和辅助决策等功能，从而达到以计算机手段对地下管线实行有效管理的水平。     

于田县土地资源承载力及农业生产发展战略的初步研究

于田县位于塔里木盆地南部,它属于暖温带干旱区,其生态系统极为脆弱,随着人口的增长和生产规模的扩大,人类活动势必对环境产生十分深刻的影响,对环境的压力也会与日俱增,因此,迫切需要研究和了解自然资源的数量和质量,确定农业生产的发展规模,资源的生产潜力,协调资源,环境,人口的关系。     

稻田青蛙种群动态及其作用评价

文中根据稻田青蛙种群密度消长调查和蛙胃解剖内容物的分析,评价了稻田青蛙对主要水稻害虫的控制效果。