Soil N transformations after application of 15N‐labeled biomass in incubation experiments with repeated soil drying and rewetting

The effects of repeated soil drying and rewetting on microbial biomass N (N_bio) and mineral N (N_min) were measured in incubation experiments simulating typical moisture and temperature conditions for soils from temperate climates in the post‐harvest period. After application of in vitro ¹⁵N‐labeled fungal biomass to a silty loam, one set of soils was exposed to two drying‐rewetting cycles (treatment DR; 14 days to decrease soil moisture to 20 % water‐holding capacity (WHC) and subsequently 7 days at 60 % WHC). A control set (treatment CM) was kept at constant moisture conditions (60 % WHC) throughout the incubation. N_bio and N_min as well as the ¹⁵N enrichment of these N pools were measured immediately after addition of ¹⁵N‐labeled biomass (day 0) and after each change in soil moisture (day 14, 21, 35, 42). Drying and rewetting (DR) resulted in higher N_min levels compared to CM towards the end of the incubation. Considerable amounts of N_bio were susceptible to mineralization as a result of soil drying (i.e., drying enhanced the turnover of N_bio), and significantly lower N_bio values were found for DR at the end of each drying period. Immediately after biomass incorporation into the soil (day 0), 22 % of the applied ¹⁵N was found in the N_min pool. Some of this ¹⁵N_min must have been derived from dead cells of the applied microbial biomass as only about 80 % of the microbes in the biomass suspension were viable, and only 52 % of the ¹⁵N_bio was extractable (using the fumigation‐extraction method). The increase in ¹⁵N_min was higher than for unlabeled N_min, indicating that added labeled biomass was mineralized with a higher rate than native biomass during the first drying period. Overall, the effect of drying and rewetting on soil N turnover was more pronounced for treatment DR compared to CM during the second drying‐rewetting cycle, resulting in a higher flush of mineralization and lower microbial biomass N levels.     

真空冷冻干燥在中药材加工中的应用及质量控制

中草药传统干燥加工过程中所造成的生物活性物质,特别是药用有效成分损失等问题,已引起国内外的普遍关注和担忧,真空冷冻干燥技术以其独有的特点和优势正逐渐成为贵重中草药干燥的首选。文中介绍了中草药真空冷冻干燥的原理和干燥过程中各阶段的工艺流程,并采用高效液相色谱法,以药材地黄的有效成分梓醇为检测指标,考察其在干燥过程中的化学动力学质量降解过程。通过试验确定了反应阶数、速度常数及模型参数,得出了控制其质量降解的预测模型,并对预测模型进行了验证。分析结果表明,所建立的质量降解模型能较好地反映地黄干燥质量随干燥时间、含水率及温度的变化过程,可用来进行中草药真空冷冻干燥质量降解的模拟。真空冷冻技术应用于中草药干燥能有效地保持中草药药用有效成分,避免传统干燥方法所造成的有效成分降低等缺陷     

Effect of drying and rewetting on mineralization and distribution of bacterial constituents in soil fractions

Summary Mineralization of ¹⁴C- and ¹⁵N-labelled whole bacteria, cytoplasm, and cell walls and their distribution in different soil fractions were studied during 211 days of incubation including two drying and rewetting cycles. With any of these three soil amendments, almost 60% of C derived from cellular constituents was released as CO₂, 15% was incorporated into the living microbial biomass and 25% was distributed into protected microbial metabolites or recalcitrant microbial products. The distribution of C and N derived from the amendments in the different soil fractions showed that constituents adsorbed on fine clay (<0.2 m were more rapidly decomposed than those adsorbed on silt (50-2 ) and coarse clay (2–0.2 ), indicating a faster organic matter turnover in fine clay than in silt and coarse clay. Although alternate soil drying and rewetting cycles did not significantly affect the mineralization of bacterial constituents, the cycles did have an important effect on the size and specific activities of newly formed microbial biomass. This suggests the presence of an active and a dormant fraction of soil biomass.     

微波真空冷冻干燥时怀山药的微CT孔道分布

局部温度过高的问题限制了微波真空冷冻干燥（microwave freeze drying,MFD）技术在果蔬干燥中的广泛应用。发展传热传质理论是解决MFD局部温度过高问题的根本途径。数值模拟是研究传热传质机理的重要方法,并有望解决MFD中局部温度过高的问题。利用详细的孔径和孔隙分布建立结构模型对数值模拟至关重要。该研究以怀山药为样品,利用微CT（X-ray micro-computed tomography）技术分析不同干燥仓压力（100、200、300 Pa）和微波加载量（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 W/g）时孔隙和孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,干燥仓内的低压环境更倾向于形成小孔隙,干燥仓内压力的变化对外层的孔隙大小和分布无明显影响,但对内层的孔隙大小和分布有明显影响。微波加载量对内、外层的孔隙大小和分布均有显著影响。研究结果将为解决MFD中局部温度过高问题的数值计算研究提供试验支持。     

罗非鱼的微冻保鲜

本文以养殖的罗非鱼为对象,在-3℃±0.5℃空气微冻条件下,通过对鱼肉鲜度指标K值、细菌数及pH值的测定,探讨微冻鱼的质量的变化情况,并与冰藏鱼作比较。同时还对微冻鱼肌肉作组织切片,观察其冰结晶,并与-18℃冻结鱼及新鲜鱼作对照。实验结果表明,-3℃微冻法比冰藏法温度仅低3℃,但鱼肉鲜度指标K值上升缓慢,细菌繁殖受到抑制,大大延长了罗非鱼的保藏时间,贮藏期可达一个月左右。鱼肉pH值与鱼的鲜度之间无明确的相关关系。-3℃微冻鱼肌肉中的冰结晶是慢冻型的,对肌肉组织有损伤,但其冻结率比-18℃冻鱼低,未冻结部分的肌肉组织与新鲜鱼的肌肉组织相接近。     

饲料乳酸菌冻干工艺的探究

通过离心条件的选择,获得最大浓度的乳酸菌,进而利用正交试验设计,确定适合植物乳杆菌和肠膜状明串株葡聚糖亚种的最佳保护剂配方.试验结果表明,两株菌均在5000 r/min的条件下离心10 min,所得的活菌数最多.试验确定植物乳杆菌的最佳保护剂配方为:脱脂乳15%、海藻糖6%、甘油2%、抗坏血酸3%;肠膜状明串株葡聚糖亚种的最佳保护剂配方为:脱脂乳15%、海藻糖6%、甘油1%、抗坏血酸2%.     

细菌活疫苗冷冻干燥的主要影响因素探讨

综述了影响细菌活疫苗真空冷冻干燥的主要因素,以期为细菌活疫苗的工艺开发提供参考。     

Pregnancy in the Caspian Miniature Horse Using Frozen Semen Cryopreserved with the EquiPRO CryoGuard Freeze Medium and Customized Freezing Protocols

The primary goal of this project was to establish a protocol to freeze the sperm of the Caspian miniature horse in an attempt to start an intensive artificial insemination program to effectively increase the population of this breed, which has been listed as “Critical Rare Breed” by the American Livestock Breed Conservancy and is in danger of extinction. Commercially available equine freezing medium (EquiPRO CyoGuard Complete egg-yolk extender) was used for the initial setup of two different freeze protocols: slow and fast. The fast-freeze protocol had slightly better postthaw results and was used for a fertility demonstration. Five mares of proven fertility, aged 3 to 12 years, were used in the fertility trials, two of which resulted in pregnancy. This is the first report of pregnancy in the Caspian miniature horse using frozen semen, and the results seem to be a promising start to an extensive program to help this endangered breed, although further research on freezing protocols and conditions for this process are necessary to further improve the survival of semen and pregnancy rate.     

基于多时相环境减灾卫星数据的冬小麦冻害评估

评估冬小麦冻害影响范围和受灾程度对于灾后及时采取田间管理补救措施、恢复农业生产具有重要意义。基于国产多时相环境减灾卫星1号遥感数据(HJ-1),以河北省中南部冬小麦冻害为例,通过分析植被指数对冻害的敏感性,选择了增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)作为评估冬小麦冻害的最优植被指数。开发了一种基于多时相遥感数据的冬小麦冻害评估方法,以冻害指数作为冬小麦冻害程度的评估指标,利用地面实测样本数据对评估结果进行了验证。结果表明,受灾前后冬小麦EVI的变化与冻害程度呈显著线性相关,该方法能够有效评估冬小麦冻害影响范围和受灾程度。     

生物炭对冻融黑土中铵态氮和硝态氮淋失的影响

为了深入研究冻融条件下生物质炭对东北黑土中铵态氮和硝态氮淋失的影响效果,为解决冻融作用下黑土中无机氮素的淋失问题提供科学依据,采用室内模拟土柱淋溶实验方法研究了生物质炭对经过不同冻融循环次数处理土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮淋失的影响。研究结果表明:冻融会增加土壤氮素的淋失,且淋失量与冻融次数有关,施加生物质炭可以有效降低土壤因冻融作用引起的氮素淋失;玉米秸秆炭对无机氮素淋失降低率在76.15%~85.79%之间,树枝炭在55.26%~68.09%之间,可以看出玉米秸秆炭持氮效果较树枝炭更好;在冻融次数分别为3和1时,玉米秸秆炭和树枝炭持氮能力最强;两种生物质炭对铵态氮的固持能力均优于硝态氮。