什么是微冻保鲜，它有什么优点？

微冻，就是鱼体内部分冻结，如三分之一冻结。我们平常见到的冰鲜鱼，鱼体内部并未冻结；而用吹风冻结或平板冻结机冻结的冻鱼，由于采用低温冻结，鱼体内部绝大部分冻结了。据日本的资料，鱼在-5℃，洄游性鱼类的冻结率为70％，底栖性鱼类的冻结率为50％。而微冻是采用稍低于冰结晶的温度例如在-1℃至-3℃左右保鲜。     

鱼在冷冻冷藏中肌肉组织学的变化

几种经济鱼类在冷冻冷藏中组织学变化的研究,得到了以下结果: 1.鱼肉在低温下冷冻时,肌肉纤维的水发生内冻结,冰晶体小,可以较好地保持其组织结构的完整。考虑到冻鱼在冷藏中仍继续变化,采用-25°——35℃温度冷冻鱼品是适宜的。 2.快速冷冻可使鱼肉组织不受冰晶体的破坏。梭鱼片在104分钟以内的不同速度 (鱼肉中心温度由0°至-5℃所需的时间)冷冻的结果均较好,其中以27、40、72分钟者更能令人满意。试验表明,鱼肉的冷冻速度不是愈快愈好。鲵鱼片用60—1,500分钟八种速度单向冷冻时,除720、1,380和1,500分钟的较差外,其他速度冷冻的肌肉组织相似。 3.冰藏1、7和13天的小黄鱼在相同温度下冷冻后,肌肉组织结构有差异,冰藏了天以上者差异特别明显。三种冰藏期的冻鱼以相同温度冷藏时,冰藏13天后的冻鱼,其保藏期较前二种冰藏期的短2—3个月。 4.冻鱼的冷藏温度十分重要。用相同的和低于冷冻时的温度保藏鱼类,可以较好地保持肌肉组织不受破坏。在-18℃冷冻并冷藏和-10℃冷冻后、-18℃冷藏的大黄鱼的保藏期,较之在-29℃(鼓风)冷冻后分别在-18°和-10℃冷藏的延长1—2个月。 5.不同含脂量的鱼(小黄鱼、带鱼、鲐鱼)以相同温度冷冻(-29℃,鼓风)和冷藏(-18℃),其肌肉组织有明显差别,多脂鱼肉的组织结构受到的破坏比少脂鱼的轻得多。     

几种淡水鱼在冻藏过程中鲜度变化研究

本文以淡水养殖的鲢，鳙、罗非鱼为对象，利用ＩＱＦ冻结设备在－３０℃下冻结，并在－１８℃的冷藏冻中贮成．通过对鱼肉鲜度指标Ｋ值，ＶＢＮ、ＦＡＡ－Ｎ、ｐＨ值以及蛋后质变性指标的测定，探讨鱼肉在冷冻贮藏过程中质量的变化情况．实验结果表明，Ｋ值和ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性对反映淡水鱼低温冻藏过程中的鲜度变化有着良好的规律性。     

鲢、鳙、罗非鱼在冰温保鲜过程中的几个鲜度指标变化研究

冰温保鲜是近年来国外新兴的食品保藏技术。它保鲜食品的机理是,在0℃以下利用各种食品的冰点,在负温范围不结冰的状态下保藏或熟成食品。保藏温度介于冰藏和微冻之间,而经保鲜的食品品质比冰鲜或微冻保鲜更接近生鲜状态。本文通过鱼肉中几个鲜度指标的分析测定,探讨了鲢、鳊、罗非鱼在冰温保鲜中质量的变化情况。实验结果表明,利用冰温保鲜技术,3天后,鲢鱼、罗非鱼的K值均在20％以下,处在生鲜状态,可供生鱼片食用。12～15天内,鳙鱼及罗非鱼K值还都在60％左右,还处在一般鲜品(K=40-60％)水平。如果以VBN的指标来衡量,贮藏12天内,鲜度均还处于一纵鲜度(VBN<15％)。贮藏25天后,还均处于二级鲜度(VBN<25％)的水平。在贮藏中游离氮基酸态氨呈下降趋势、但变化不大。     

宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响

为探讨活鱼宰前预冷对后期鱼片冷藏保鲜品质的影响,将鲜活大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)置于不同温度(15℃、10℃、5℃)的水槽中暂养0.5 h后,宰杀并取鱼片冰藏,分析第0、第3、第6、第9、第12、第15、第18和第21天时的鱼肉感官、理化指标[pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、鲜度指标(K值)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA值)]及微生物[菌落总数(TVC)]变化情况,综合评价宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响。结果表明,15℃预冷处理可较好地保持大口黑鲈冰藏期间的品质,维持鱼肉感官品质,降低细菌的生长繁殖速度,延缓pH、TVB-N、K值、TBA值及菌落总数的上升,货架期较对照组延长约3 d。     

鲢在低温冻藏时的生化和质地特性研究

本试验旨在通过测定鲢在低温冻藏时的生化和质地特性参数之变化规律,来考察几种冻藏方法对其品质的影响,从而对鲢的冻藏提出合理的工艺。生化特性参数以K值和EPN值来检验。质地特性采用具有样品测定室为挤压剪切室的 Ottawa 质地测定系统。试验结果表明:①冻结前的去内脏等处理可很显著地影响肌肉的鲜度K值(P<0.01);②快冻比慢冻可减少质地的损失,快冻后冻藏的肌肉鲜度很明显地比慢冻的好(P<0.01);③-30℃冻藏比-18℃冻藏可显著地减缓蛋白质变性的速度(P<0.05);④冻藏时是否镀冰衣,其K值和EPN 值在半年内无显著性差异(P>0.10)。     

鲈鱼在微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化

以感官评价、细菌总数、T-VBN、pH、ATPase活性、K等作为鲜度指标,研究鲈鱼在微冻(-3℃)保鲜过程中的质量变化规律,评价鲈鱼微冻保鲜的可行性.结果表明,鲈鱼在微冻过程中,①感官评分变化在前、中、后3个10天内下降速度分别为0.07、0.09、0.12分/天,但差异不显著;②细菌总数变化第30天下降至初始菌数的1/100;③T-VBN变化第30天时为0.156 6 mg/g,远未达到2级鲜度指标上限;④pH变化前10天一直下降,第10天最低为6.3,而后缓慢上升;⑤ATPase活性下降速度很快,第20天下降至0.005 3μmol/(min@mg),基本丧失活性;⑥K变化前5天由5.2%迅速升到22.33%,此后上升速度趋于缓慢,第30天达到34.362%.微冻可以明显抑制其细菌总数的增长,并维持其较低的T-VBN和K值.但是,微冻条件下鲈鱼的蛋白质变性速度较快.     

速冻温度对罗非鱼片品质的影响

通过测定不同冷冻方式冻罗非鱼片的理化指标,试图找到最优处理方式,并为冻罗非鱼片工厂化生产提供参考。通过设置双螺旋冷冻机不同的冷冻温度(-35℃、-38℃、-41℃、)冻结新鲜罗非鱼片,将冻结后的鱼片置于-18℃的冷库贮藏,每隔7 d对鱼片样品的pH、水分活度(Aw)、质构参数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)等物理及化学指标进行检测并分析结果。数据表明,冷冻温度对鱼片色差值、失水率、硬度有较大影响,且冷冻温度越低,鱼片品质越好,对咀嚼性、弹性、TVB-N影响不大,对pH则无明显影响。综上,在现有加工工艺的冷冻温度波动范围内,选择较低冷冻温度,提高冻结速率可延缓冻罗非鱼片品质劣变速度,故建议企业加工时,将冷冻温度控制在-40℃,冷冻时间控制在40 min以尽可能保持鱼片品质。     

低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏生化特性的影响

以盐溶性蛋白质含量、ATPase活性、巯基含量、pH值、感观评定等为指标,研究鲻鱼在-20℃冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白质生化特性的变化情况。结果表明,无论是-20℃直接冻结还是-80℃低温速冻,随着贮藏时间的延长,鲻鱼的肌动球蛋白盐溶性、ATPase活性以及巯基含量均呈下降趋势;低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏过程中肌动球蛋白盐溶性和巯基含量影响较大,而对其ATPase活性的变化影响不明显,此处理方法有利于提高鱼肉品质。     

凡纳滨对虾虾仁在冻藏过程中品质变化研究

以凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannamei）为研究对象,经过去头和去壳处理后,于-35℃冷冻过夜,然后置于-18℃条件下进行保藏试验。通过测定解冻损失率和肉色变化,明确冻藏期间虾肉的质量变化规律,结合腺苷三磷酸（ATP）及其降解产物、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）和酸碱度（pH）等鲜度指标的测定结果,分析对虾在冻藏条件下鲜度的变化规律,旨在为其生产加工提供理论依据。研究结果表明,冷冻保藏至第18天时解冻损失率达到最大,同时表面色差（L^＊）也达到最大值41.56。而虾肌肉中的ATP质量摩尔浓度冻藏第1天就降低了71.78%,次黄嘌呤（Hx）和次黄嘌呤核苷（HxR）则一直维持在较低水平。第10天鲜度指标（K值）达到最大值7.18%,并能比较稳定地保持这一水平,结合TVB-N测定结果,发现冻藏至第30天时,虾肌肉中的TVB-N仍未超过腐败临界值。因此,冻藏处理可以保持凡纳滨对虾的鲜度,使各项理化指标维持在较低水平,但会加重解冻损失现象。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。