梯室淡毛三节叶蜂生物学特性初步研究

梯室淡毛三节叶蜂Arge reversinervis Wei是危害刺榆Hemiptelea davidii的新害虫。对梯室淡毛三节叶蜂的卵、幼虫和蛹的形态特征进行描述,并首次对其生物学特性进行了研究。梯室淡毛三节叶蜂在海城1 a发生1代,以预蛹在土壤中越冬,翌年4月上旬化蛹,4月下旬成虫开始羽化,5月中旬卵开始孵化,6月上旬幼虫下树做茧越夏越冬。梯室淡毛三节叶蜂的天敌主要有显背臀姬蜂Notopygus insignis Kriechbaumer、褪色前眼茧蜂Proterops decoloratus Shestakov、叶蜂啮小蜂Tet-rastichus sp.及白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

热压温度对热压过程中板坯芯层温度变化影响的研究

纤维板热压过程中板坯芯层温度是否能迅速达到胶的固化温度是影响产品质量和生产率的重要因素之一。板坯热压过程中的传热速率受很多因素影响,如热压温度、板坯含水率、密度和厚度等,其中热压温度是生产中较易控制的工艺参数之一。通过探讨热压过程中板坯芯层温度变化规律与热压温度的关系,研究不同热压温度对板坯芯层温度变化的影响,为优化热压工艺条件提供理论依据。     

Classification of Tomicus Species

Both morphological characters and a portion of of 28S rDNA sequences were used to identifying Tomicus species.The specimens were classed into groups with the following characters: 1) granules or punctures on interstria 2 on the declivity of the elytra;2) length of the elytral interstrial hairs and hairs arising from punctures;3) arrangement of pronotal punctures and hairs.These characters could be clearly examined under a binocular microscope at 30×magnification and they were applicable and valuable for the forest entomologists to identify Tomicus species.The phylogenetic tree established with difference in 28S rDNA sequence of D2 region revealed that the specimens of each group identified by morphological characters were also grouped together.The genetic distances of intra-species, inter-species and inter-genus were not overlapped. Genetic divergence of 28S rDNA was also useful for identifying Tomicus species.     

A new and unusual species of Parachiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from South Africa

A new species of the genus Parachiton, P. hodgsoni n.sp., which inhabits shallow water off the South African coast, is described. The radula is unusual for the genus Parachiton. It consists of about 160 transverse rows of very small mature teeth of which the major lateral teeth have very narrow tridentate cusps. The intermediate valves are granulose with the granules arranged in widely spaced, longitudinal rows on the central area of the valves. There are 20–31 longitudinal rows on the central areas of the intermediate valves. Variability in the morphology of the tail valve is shown.     

球磨-酶解法制备纳米竹纤维的结构表征

采用机械球磨对竹纤维进行预处理,再经纤维素酶水解制备纳米竹纤维。通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对竹纤维的形貌、组成、光谱学性能以及晶体特性进行了表征。实验结果表明:球磨法和酶解法在一定程度上都可以细化竹纤维;球磨预处理有助于竹纤维的酶解过程,且球磨-酶解法制备的纳米竹纤维粒径在100 nm左右;所制备的纳米竹纤维仍然保持竹纤维的基本化学结构,但球磨处理破坏了纤维素的结晶结构,其结晶度由64.15%降低到了38.55%。     

Phenotypes Including Immunocompetence in Scavenging Local Chicken Ecotypes in Tanzania

A study was conducted to determine the variations in physical characters and immunocompetence among scavenging local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania. Eighty-four adult scavenging local chickens from four eco-climatic regions of Tanzania were studied. Measurements of adult body weight, body length, shank length and egg weight and observations of plumage colour and pattern, earlobe colour, skin colour and the shape of the comb were conducted. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells, serum haemolytic complement and the cutaneous response to phytohaemagglutinin-P were assessed. Five ecotypes were identified and named Mbeya, Morogoro-medium, Ching'wekwe, Kuchi and Singamagazi. Singamagazi and Kuchi were significantly heavier, with longer shanks and heavier eggs than the other ecotypes. The average adult body weight for males ranged from 1621 g (Mbeya) to 2915 g (Singamagazi). Average female weights ranged from 1108 g (Morogoro-medium) to 2020 g (Singamagazi). Mean egg weights ranged from 37.65 g (Ching'wekwe) to 45.61 (Singamagazi). The Kuchi had mostly rose and walnut combs, while the other ecotypes were mostly single combed. In each ecotype there were chickens with a high or low antibody response to red blood cells, but there was a significant difference between the ecotypes.     

骨骼肌纤维烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶组化染色的检测

本文应用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶（NADH-TR）组化染色，将大鼠与家兔小腿胫前肌与腓肠肌的肌纤维型分成染色最深的快缩氧化FO型、染色较深的慢缩氧化SO型、染色浅的快缩氧化酵解FOG型及染色最浅的快缩酵解FG型纤维。这与定量分析结果相吻合。并对低温液氮保存骨骼肌标本进行观察，发现小块肌组织＋生理盐水和小块肌组织＋5％二甲基亚砜（DMSO）冷冻保护剂的玻璃化冻存一起浸入液氮制成切片，都未见冰晶形成；而在用5％二甲基亚砜玻璃化冻存大块肌组织切片见有少量冰晶出现；未使用5％二甲基亚砜玻璃化冻存大块肌组织切片见有大量冰晶出现。提示小块标本超快速浸入液氮内能减少冰晶形成，保证酶组化染色切片的质量。并进一步对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶组化作用机理与孵育液的科学配制进行了探讨。     

Validation and application of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for representative rumen bacteria

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for 11 representative rumen bacterial species were validated. The sensitivity was tested by using the serially diluted target 16S rDNA from respective bacterial species. The recovery of the target DNA and the assay reproducibility were determined using DNA from rumen fluid spiked with different quantities of the target. Minimum detection levels for the target were 10–100 copies in pure culture. The recovery of the added target ranged from 82.4 to 116.6%. The intra‐ and inter‐assay variations of each assay were <9.4 and <12.6%, respectively. Therefore, the real‐time PCR assays evaluated in the present study are considered to be sufficiently reliable for monitoring all 11 bacterial species in the rumen. The assays were then applied to the monitoring of the bacterial species attached to ruminally incubated rice straw. Among the monitored fibrolytic species, Fibrobacter succinogenes was found to be the most dominant, accounting for 2.61% of total bacteria after 24 h incubation. Selenomonas ruminantium and Streptococcus bovis, non‐fibrolytics, were detected on the rice straw at 8.96% and 1.16% of total bacteria, respectively. Such high levels of non‐fibrolytics on the plant fiber suggest a synergistic relationship between fibrolytics and non‐fibrolytics.