深施型液肥对靶点施装置设计与试验

针对液肥穴深施机具存在施肥位置不准确等问题,结合机械结构设计和自动控制技术,设计了一种深施型液肥对靶点施装置,该装置包括液肥深施开沟器和液肥对靶点施控制系统。设计液肥深施开沟器,构建了开沟器与土壤间力学接触模型和土粒质点运动学模型,确定了开沟器结构参数,解析了扰土和回土原理,应用EDEM软件建立开沟器-土壤离散元仿真模型,验证了液肥深施开沟器结构可行性。以单片机为核心开发一种液肥对靶点施系统,光电传感器感知作物植株位置,测速模块实时监测装置作业速度,单片机结合作物植株位置信息和作业速度控制电磁阀启闭,实现液肥对靶点施作业。通过田间试验验证了装置作业性能,在作业速度为0.4～1.0m/s时,平均回土深度52.8mm,平均对靶率84.03%,装置回土性能和对靶喷肥性能稳定,满足液肥深施农艺要求。     

基于改进CASREL的水稻施肥知识图谱信息抽取研究

为实现水稻施肥知识图谱自动化构建,为后续构建水稻施肥决策系统提供基础,定义了水稻施肥体系数据结构并制作水稻施肥数据集,结合水稻施肥数据特点,添加单位标注器,并改进CASREL解码加入隐藏层,提出了基于RoBERTa-wwm编码+改进CASREL解码的信息抽取模型,同时针对编码与解码环节进行试验对比。结果表明,基于该模型的F1值达到91.86%,与对比模型相比有较为显著的提升。基于改进RoBERTa-wwm-CASREL的信息抽取模型能有效提高水稻施肥信息抽取效果,为水稻施肥知识图谱构建以及施肥决策系统提供基础。     

长期施肥与耕作对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙的影响

[目的]为探究长期施肥与耕作对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙的影响。[方法]试验规定各小区均采用冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的紫色土坡耕地典型种植模式,在15°紫色土坡耕地设置5种处理：顺坡耕作无施肥(CK)、顺坡耕作有机肥与化肥配施(T1)、顺坡耕作单施化肥(T2)、顺坡耕作单施化肥增量(T3)、横坡垄作单施化肥(T4),每种处理重复3次。在2008—2020年,共监测107场侵蚀性降雨事件,分析了不同事件降雨量及施肥耕作处理下径流深、泥沙量、泥沙含量的变化特征。[结果]不同施肥耕作处理中,单位面积年产流深最大为100.37 mm,最小为4.56 mm。除T2与T3处理径流深差异不显著(p>0.05)外,其余处理间径流深差异显著(p<0.05),且均显著小于CK处理,均值大小依次为CK>T3>T2>T1>T4。除T1与T2处理泥沙量差异不显著(p>0.05)外,其余处理间泥沙量差异显著(p<0.05),且显著小于CK处理,均值大小依次为CK>T3>T2>T1>T4。T1、T2、T3的泥沙含量差异不显著(p>0.05),但均显著...     

Performance and welfare of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L. post-smolts in recirculating aquaculture systems: Importance of salinity and water velocity

Producing a larger post-smolt in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) could shorten the production time in sea cages and potentially reduce mortality. Knowledge of the biological requirements of post-smolts in closed-containment systems is however lacking. In the present study, the effects of salinity and water velocity on growth, survival, health, and welfare of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS were examined. Salmon smolts were stocked in three separate RAS with salinities of 12, 22, and 32‰ and subjected to high (1.0 body lengths per s⁻¹) or low (0.3 body lengths second⁻¹) water velocity. Growth performance, survival, welfare, and physiological stress responses were monitored until the fish reached a bodyweight of around 450 g. Growth rate was higher at lower salinity and higher water velocity generally had a positive effect on growth in all salinities. Feed conversion ratio was lower at 12‰ compared to the 22 and 32‰ when the fish were between 250 and 450 g. Higher mortality, elevated plasma cortisol levels, higher incidence of cataract, and a higher expression of stress-induced genes in the skin (iNOS, Muc5ac-like) indicated a negative effect of higher salinity on fish welfare. Male maturation was low (<1%), and not affected by salinity or water velocity.     

Fertilization rate,motility, lipid peroxidation and pH changes after chilled storage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs and spermatozoa by a RMPI medium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1,640 medium on chilled storage of eggs and spermatozoa of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After 3 days of storage, eggs in RPMI 1,640 media (pH 8.2, 9 and 10), Cortland medium and coelomic fluid were inseminated with fresh spermatozoa (Experiment 1). Eggs in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 8.2 shown the lowest thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS, 0.053 ± 0.003 nmol/ml) and pH changes (from 8.20 ± 0.01 to 8.18 ± 0.01), the highest fertilization rate (82 ± 3%). Undiluted and diluted spermatozoa at ratios of 1:2 and 1:9 with RPMI 1,640 media (pH 8.2, 9 and 10) and Cortland medium were inseminated with fresh eggs (Experiment 2). Spermatozoa in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 9 (1:9) caused the lowest TBARS content (0.037 ± 0.002 nmol/ml) and pH changes (from 9.00 ± 0.01 to 8.98 ± 0.01), the highest fertilization rate (77 ± 2%) and motility parameters. Based on Experiments 1 and 2, eggs and spermatozoa were stored for another 3 days in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 8.2 and 9 (1:9) respectively (Experiment 3). Fertilization rate of storage eggs and spermatozoa in Experiment 3 was 79 ± 5%, showing successfully storage of rainbow trout gametes with the same medium.     

Influence of different agricultural management systems on nitrogen leaching: results of lysimeter studies

The objective was to estimate the potential risk of N leaching into the groundwater under various types of agriculture by using lysimeter experiments on the nitrogen(N)‐cycle of various soil types. Results were obtained with 12 weighable, monolithic lysimeters with a surface area of 1 m², a total depth of 3 m, and free drainage. Mean annual N‐leaching losses of 5 to 44 kg ha^—1 and nitrate concentrations of the seepage water (leachate) between 80 and 200 mg l^—1 were measured during the period of intensive agricultural use. On fallow land with a well‐established grass vegetation, some nitrate was removed by the plants. As a result, the nitrate concentrations in the leachate were reduced significantly. Ecological farming measures generally reduced N leaching losses and kept the N‐concentration in the leachate below the German threshold value for drinking water with 50 mg l^—1 nitrate. However, ploughing in of clover or leguminous vegetation and the application of farmyard manure in autumn caused the nitrate concentration in the leachate to rise significantly above the mentioned threshold value.<?show $6#>     

陕西省化肥施用时空分异及面源污染环境风险评价

【目的】明确陕西省化肥施用现状,科学评价化肥施用环境风险,为该区域农业面源污染防控提供参考。【方法】基于陕西省1987-2016年30年化肥施用相关统计数据,分析了该省化肥施用时空分异特点,并采用相关分析模型对其化肥施用面源污染环境风险进行评价。【结果】1987-2013年陕西省化肥施用量、施用强度整体呈现递增趋势,而2013年之后全省化肥施用量、施用强度稳中有降。1987-2016年氮肥比例呈下降趋势,而磷肥和钾肥比例稳步提高,氮磷钾施用比例由1987年的1∶0.20∶0.06逐步调整为2016年的1∶0.41∶0.46。2016年陕西省化肥施用强度达799.48 kg/hm²,属于高度过量水平;陕西省化肥施用强度空间分异明显,其中关中化肥施用强度最高,陕南次之,陕北最低。2016年陕西省总肥施用风险指数为0.76,化肥施用风险总体属于重度风险等级,其中关中风险最大,陕南次之,陕北最小。【结论】陕西省化肥施用强度高,面源污染环境风险大,且不同区域空间分异明显。在确保作物产量的基础上,为有效实施面源污染环境风险管控,陕北可基本维持现有施肥强度,但在施肥结构上应注意减氮增磷补钾;关中应以降低化肥施用强度为抓手,在减肥的基础上注意稳氮提磷减钾;陕南应在降低化肥施用强度基础上继续优化施肥结构,注意减氮增磷补钾。     

黑土区组合施肥技术对土壤氮磷的影响

定位试验研究有机肥、生物肥和化肥组合施肥技术对土壤N、P养分元素的影响结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤全N增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg,土壤全P增加0.15～0.29g/kg,速效磷增加15.68～51.07mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥土壤N素增量全N增加0.2～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4 mg/kg,全P增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.82mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥净收入高19.4％～37.3％。     

甘肃陇南油橄榄配方施肥试验研究

施肥是影响油橄榄丰产稳产的关键性措施。通过不同施肥配方及施肥量对不同品种新梢生长量及鲜果产量的影响试验得出：施用有机肥＋无机肥的混合肥,于11月份施5kg的菜籽饼,1kg过磷酸钙、0．5kg硫酸钾、200g硼肥;于4月、6月、8月各施O．1kg尿素,于每年的4月、7月、11月灌3次水,可使单株产量由2．4kg提高到18．2kg,净增产15．8kg,增产增效显著。     

水肥配比对葡萄生长发育及15N－硫酸铵吸收分配及利用的影响

以无核白鸡心葡萄为试材,采用15N 同位素标记示踪法研究了不同水肥配比对葡萄幼树生长和15 N －硫酸铵吸收、分配及利用的影响。试验设置3个水分处理（75％～80％ FC 、55％～60％ FC 、40％～45％ FC）和3个肥料配比（N∶P∶K ＝2∶1∶3、N∶P∶K ＝2∶1∶5、N∶P∶K ＝2∶5∶3）,共9个处理。结果表明：不同水肥配比处理间葡萄幼树新梢粗度、叶面积、叶绿素含量差异显著,以55％～60％ FC 、N∶P∶K ＝2∶5∶3的水肥处理能有效促进植株新梢粗度、叶面积的增大,最适宜葡萄幼树的生长。以40％～45％ FC 、N∶P∶K ＝2∶1∶3的水肥处理更有利于叶绿素的积累。综合生长期光合速率和蒸腾速率,以55％～60％ FC 、N∶P∶K ＝2∶5∶3的水肥处理可降低蒸腾速率,提高光合速率。不同水肥配比处理并没有改变树体各器官间15 N 丰度（ Ndff％）的高低顺序和15 N 分配规律,但同一器官的 Ndff％和15 N分配率在不同处理间有所不同,轻中度水分胁迫下,葡萄植株对15N 的征调能力较高。不同水肥处理对葡萄各器官15N 分配率和利用率的影响存在差异,根系的15N 分配率、利用率均显著高于其他器官,分别达43．37％和 11．17％。主干和新梢次之,叶片最小。轻度水分胁迫下增加磷钾肥比例对提高葡萄植株的氮肥利用率有促进作用。综上所述,各肥水配比处理中以55％～60％ FC 、N∶P∶K ＝2∶5∶3的水肥处理为最优处理,建议在无核白鸡心葡萄幼树生产栽培中按照此配比进行肥水管理。