不同施肥量与种植密度对花生品质的影响

采用五因素二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究种植密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和施钙量等5个栽培因素对春花生新品种莆花2号品质的影响。结果表明,当对蛋白质的需求高时,降低花生种植密度的同时,也应适当控制氮肥用量,当对脂肪含量需求高时,调整氮肥施用量的同时提高花生种植密度;减少钙肥施用量可提高油酸含量。本试验可为实现不同花生内在品质需求栽培方案的制定提供参考。     

陕西关中不同年代小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用对土壤肥力的响应

【目的】探讨陕西关中地区小麦品种演替过程中产量及氮效率对土壤肥力的响应。【方法】以20世纪80年代至今关中冬麦区3个代表性小麦主栽品种为材料,以33年长期不同施肥处理构建的土壤肥力水平梯度为平台,研究品种演替和土壤肥力及其交互对作物产量、氮利用效率的影响。供试品种有20世纪80年代品种小偃6号、90年代末品种小偃22和近年品种西农979。长期施肥包括6个处理：不同水平的氮磷化肥配施（N1P1和N2P2）、有机肥与无机肥配施（M1N1P1、M1N2P2、M2N1P1和M2N2P2）,以不施肥为对照（CK）。【结果】在各个肥力水平土壤上,籽粒产量及收获指数均随小麦品种更替而呈现增加的趋势,尤其在高肥力土壤上更为明显。土壤肥力水平的提高显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,其中西农979增产幅度最大（151.0%-610.5%）,其次为小偃22（127.9%-349.7%）,小偃6号增幅最低（148.1%-341.8%）。土壤肥力与品种对小麦籽粒产量及收获指数有显著的交互作用,低肥力条件下,小偃6号籽粒产量高于西农979,高肥力条件下则相反。小麦百公斤籽粒需氮量随品种演替有降低的趋势,但随土壤肥力水平提高有增加的趋势。土壤肥力与品种对百公斤籽粒需氮量也有显著的交互作用。在小麦品种更替过程中氮肥生理效率和农学效率均呈增加的趋势,但随着土壤肥力水平的提高,各品种小麦的氮肥生理效率呈下降的趋势,氮肥农学效率呈先升高后下降的抛物线变化趋势。土壤肥力与品种对小麦氮肥生理效率和农学效率无明显交互作用。【结论】陕西关中小麦品种演替在高肥力以及养分投入充足时不仅表现出单产不断提高,而且氮效率也呈逐步增加的趋势。因此,品种更新的同时还要注重提升土壤肥力,才能保证粮食安全,实现农业生产可持续发展。     

播量和施肥对甘啤6号产量和品质的影响

为筛选出河西地区啤酒大麦高产优质栽培的适宜播量和施肥组合,以当地啤酒大麦主栽品种甘啤6号为材料,采用正交设计,研究了播量、氮肥、磷肥对该品种产量、籽粒品质及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,播量、氮肥、磷肥组合对大麦产量、籽粒品质和麦芽品质影响显著。就产量而言,最佳播量为525 万粒·hm^-2,施氮最佳水平为180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅最佳水平为90 kg·hm^-2;对产量的影响表现为播量>氮肥>磷肥。播量在375万～525万粒·hm^-2范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量随播量的增加而下降,但播量达到600万粒·hm^-2时蛋白质含量又有所增加。籽粒蛋白质含量随着氮肥施用量的增加呈直线上升趋势,适量施磷可以在保证产量的同时,抑制蛋白质含量的增加;对蛋白含量的影响表现为氮肥>播量>磷肥,对千粒重的影响表现为播量>磷肥>氮肥。综合来看,在播量为525万粒·hm^-2、施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅施用量为210 kg·hm^-2条件下,甘啤6号具有较高的籽粒产量和较低的蛋白质含量,且千粒重、整齐度和主要麦芽品质均达国家优级水平,因此该处理可作为河西地区甘啤6号实现高产优质的适宜播量与施肥组合。     

土壤基础肥力对水稻产量的影响及施肥指标体系确立

为了确立宁夏平罗县水稻施肥指标体系,以指导当地水稻优质高效生产。试验设置无肥区和常规施肥区两个处理,采用多点无重复设置,把土壤基础肥力对水稻产量的影响进行深化分析研究。结果表明：土壤基础肥力对水稻产量的贡献率与水稻土壤基础产量成正比,回归方程式X/Y=0.1366+0.00007322X,R₂=0.8509_**。由此得出结论：水稻的目标产量可确立为11800 kg hm _-2,此时,氮和磷的施肥指标值：纯N为371.2 kg hm_-2,纯P₂O₅为154.0kg hm _-2。     

施用生物炭后土壤生物活性与土壤肥力的关系

分析了生物炭不同用量条件下土生物活性与土壤主要肥力指标之间的关系。相关分析表明,除蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳外,土壤其它生物活性指标与土壤容重间呈显著负相关。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性、微生物量氮和三大类微生物与土壤主要肥力指标间呈显著或极显著正相关。除蔗糖酶外,酶活性与三类微生物数量间显著相关,但蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间并不完全显著相关。通径分析表明,脲酶和微生物量氮对土壤肥力影响以直接作用为主,而过氧化氢酶则以间接作用为主。主成分分析结果表明,可以用微生物因子、酶活性因子和速效磷因子进行综合描述土壤肥力特征。其中,各处理综合得分在玉米季大于小麦季,且随生物炭用量的增加而增加,表明高用量生物炭对土壤肥力的提高作用明显。     

中国大城市居民水产品消费水平和消费特征对比分析

中国地域广阔,不同地区在自然资源禀赋、经济发展水平和文化习俗等方面存在明显的差异,并因此导致了水产品消费水平和消费特征的区域性差异。利用2013年在北京、上海、西安3个城市的问卷调研数据,从区域角度出发,对不同地区城镇居民水产品消费水平以及包括购买倾向、消费种类、消费形态、消费场所、购买场所等消费特征存在的差异进行了比较分析,并以此为基础,有针对性地提出了提高不同地区居民水产品消费水平的对策。     

中国农业可持续发展水平评价

农业可持续发展是保证我国国民经济长远发展的必要条件。通过建立由经济社会发展、资源减量投入、资源循环利用和生态环境4个方面的17个指标组成的中国农业可持续发展评价指标体系,选用多指标综合模型法对中国1991-2013年农业可持续发展水平进行评价与分析。结果表明,全国平均水平及东部、中部、西部3大区域农业可持续发展水平逐步上升,制约中国农业可持续发展的最主要因素是资源的减量化投入水平。中国农业可持续发展水平存在明显的区域差异,东部地区和中部地区高于西部地区。根据评价结果提出政府要为农业可持续发展提供一个良好的政策环境、提高资源减量化投入水平、在农业生产各个环节贯彻4Ｒ原则以实现农业可持续发展的最大效益等。     

The effects of high temperature level on square Bt protein concen-tration of Bt cotton

Higher boll worm survival rates were detected after high temperature presented during square period in Bt cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high temperature level on the Bt efficacy of two different types of Bt cotton cultivars at squaring stage. During the 2011 to 2013 cotton growth seasons, high temperature treatments ranged from 34 to 44°C in climate chambers, and field experiments under high temperature weather with various temperature levels were conducted to investigate the effects of the high temperature level on square Bt protein concentration and nitrogen metabolism. The climate chamber experiments showed that the square insecticidal protein contents reduced after 24 h elevated temperature treatments for both cultivars, whereas significant declines of the square insecticidal protein contents were detected at temperature 38°C, and only slightly numerical reductions were observed when temperature below 38°C. Similar high temperature responses were also observed at the two field experimental sites in 2013. Correspondingly, high temperature below 38°C seems have little effect on the square amino acid concentrations, soluble protein contents, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT) activities as well as protease and peptidase activities; however, when the temperature was above 38°C, reduced soluble protein contents, enhanced amino acid concentrations, decreased GPT and GOT activities, bolstered protease and peptidase activities in square were detected. In general, the higher the temperature is(38°C), the larger the changes for the above compound contents and key enzymes activities of the square protein cycle. The findings indicated that the unstable insect resistance of the square was related to high temperature level during square stage.     

稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其防除经济阈值研究

稗草是中国南方双季稻稻田的恶性杂草,对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻生长与产量性状的变化规律。结果表明,在稗草的竞争干扰下,双季早、晚稻的株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型y=be^ax可以较好地拟合稗草对早稻分蘖数、有效穗数和产量的影响,而二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c拟合稗草与株高、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量损失间的关系最佳;二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c均可较好地拟合稗草与晚稻株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、产量和产量损失间的关系。稻田使用化学除草剂(丁草胺、二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺)防除时,双季早、晚稻稻田稗草的经济危害水平分别为1.64%~2.91%和1.28%~2.28%,经济阈值分别为0.63~1.23株/m²和1.30~1.85株/m²。稗草对水稻生长有抑制作用, 并导致水稻产量损失;通过对经济阈值分析,化学除草剂防治稗草具有明显的经济优势。     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.