Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments

Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop‐specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Pesticide exposure assessment for surface waters in the EU. Part 1: Some comments on the current procedure

In 2001, the European Commission introduced a risk assessment project known as FOCUS (FOrum for the Coordination of pesticide fate models and their USe) for the surface water risk assessment of active substances in the European Union. Even for the national authorisation of plant protection products (PPPs), the vast majority of EU member states still refer to the four runoff and six drainage scenarios selected by the FOCUS Surface Water Workgroup. However, our study, as well as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), has stated the need for various improvements. Current developments in pesticide exposure assessment mainly relate to two processes. Firstly, predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pesticides are calculated by introducing model input variables such as weather conditions, soil properties and substance fate parameters that have a probabilistic nature. Secondly, spatially distributed PECs for soil–climate scenarios are derived on the basis of an analysis of geodata. Such approaches facilitate the calculation of a spatiotemporal cumulative distribution function (CDF) of PECs for a given area of interest and are subsequently used to determine an exposure concentration endpoint as a given percentile of the CDF. For national PPP authorisation, we propose that, in the future, exposure endpoints should be determined from the overall known statistical PEC population for an area of interest, and derived for soil and climate conditions specific to the particular member state. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

乙草胺对斑马鱼幼鱼早期发育阶段甲状腺相关基因的影响

为评价乙草胺的毒性,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用静态法和实时荧光定量PCR方法,研究了乙草胺对斑马鱼成鱼和胚胎的急性毒性、对胚胎的致畸作用,以及不同窗口期暴露对幼鱼甲状腺相关基因的影响。结果表明:乙草胺对斑马鱼成鱼96 h-LC50值为3.04 mg/L,属中等毒性,对胚胎的120 h-LC50值为5.32 mg/L;斑马鱼胚胎受精后于0.3 mg/L乙草胺中暴露5 d,幼鱼可出现心包囊水肿、脊索弯曲等致畸现象。窗口期暴露试验表明:斑马鱼胚胎受精后3 h起于0.06 mg/L乙草胺中暴露10和14 d,以及在0.3 mg/L乙草胺中暴露10 d,均会引起幼鱼脱碘酶基因(d1、d2)、甲状腺激素受体基因(trα、trβ)、钠/碘同向转运体基因(s1c5a5)、促甲状腺激素释放激素基因(crh)、促甲状腺激素基因(tsh)等的表达呈现不同程度下调,而在0.3 mg/L乙草胺中暴露14 d,除d1的表达量显著上调外,对其余各相关基因的表达均无明显影响。试验结果表明,乙草胺能够干扰斑马鱼幼鱼早期发育,且在不同暴露浓度和时间下,干扰效应存在较大差异。     

中国主要落叶果树果实硒含量及其膳食暴露评估

【目的】针对苹果、梨、桃、葡萄、枣、猕猴桃等6种主要国产落叶果树开展果实硒含量及其膳食暴露评估研究,明确硒含量水平及其对消费者健康的风险水平,为水果生产和消费提供参考。【方法】从主产区（包括安徽、河北、河南、江苏、辽宁、山东、陕西和新疆）共采集760个水果样品,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定样品硒含量。分别以硒耐受上限（UTL）、硒最高用量（UIL）和硒适宜膳食摄入量（AI）为评价标准,对中国成人和哺乳妇女每日从6种水果中摄入硒的量（包括平均摄入量、最高摄入量、中间摄入量和最低摄入量）进行风险评估。【结果】 ⑴ 测定的760个水果样品,平均硒含量为4.3 μg·kg^-1,最高硒含量为38.0 μg·kg^-1,硒含量＜5 μg·kg^-1的样品占78.2%,富硒（硒含量≥10 μg·kg^-1）样品占14.2%;⑵ 样品间硒含量有异,变异系数分别达到80.0%（枣）、110.0%（葡萄）、116.8%（梨）、125.7%（猕猴桃）、126.0%（苹果）、148.2%（桃）和136.5%（总体）;⑶硒平均含量依次为枣（7.3 μg·kg^-1）＞葡萄（6.4 μg·kg^-1）＞桃（5.5 μg·kg^-1）＞猕猴桃（5.3 μg·kg^-1）＞梨（4.7 μg·kg^-1）＞苹果（1.3 μg·kg^-1）;⑷ 陕西的梨和桃以及陕西和新疆的葡萄,其硒含量均明显高于其他省份同类水果;⑸ 中国居民来自6种水果的硒平均摄入量分别为0.032 μg·d^-1（猕猴桃）、0.120 μg·d^-1（苹果）、0.183 μg·d^-1（葡萄）、0.197 μg·d^-1（枣）、0.213 μg·d^-1（桃）、0.222 μg·d^-1（梨）和0.968 μg·d^-1（总体）;⑹ 风险评估结果显示,中国居民从6种水果中摄入硒的量是安全的,风险指数均低于100%,为0.001%-99.702%（成人）和0.001%-31.847%（哺乳妇女）。【结论】中国6种主要落叶水果的硒含量均普遍较低,富硒产品比例均不高。枣硒含量最高,苹果硒含量最低,其他4种水果之间硒含量差异不明显。有的省份之间水果硒含量存在明显差异。哺乳妇女来自6种水果的硒摄入风险均较成人低。中国居民从6种水果中摄入硒的量是安全的,不会影响人体健康。生产富硒水果是增加中国居民硒膳食摄入量的有效途径。     

急性氨氮胁迫及毒后恢复对团头鲂幼鱼鳃、肝和肾组织结构的影响

为进一步了解氨氮对团头鲂幼鱼的毒性毒理影响,以体质量为(14.27±0.01)g的团头鲂幼鱼为研究对象,研究了氨氮胁迫对其鳃、肝、肾组织结构的影响。实验首先进行96h的氨氮胁迫,得出96h LC50,在此基础上,设置对照组(0.472 mg/L)和实验组(25 mg/L)两个氨氮浓度处理组,进行0、6、12、24、48h的氨氮胁迫,取样后剩余团头鲂幼鱼移入曝气自来水进行96h的毒后恢复实验。结果表明：96h LC50为56.492 mg/L;三种组织观察表明,氨氮胁迫6h,鳃丝毛细血管扩张,上皮组织增生;肝细胞肿胀,细胞核肿大,肝细胞空泡化;肾小球萎缩,肾小囊腔膨大,肾小管管腔缩小;胁迫12h,泌氯细胞增生,呼吸上皮细胞出现部分脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张、细胞轮廓模糊,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞肿大、水样变性、浊肿;胁迫24h,鳃小片融合、变短,呼吸上皮细胞大面积脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张严重,形成局部病灶;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,充血,肾小球坏死,肾小管坏死;胁迫48h,鳃小片卷曲,上皮细胞部分脱落;肝细胞部分溶解、血窦扩张,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞坏死,肾小球坏死;96h恢复后,泌氯细胞和上皮组织增生严重;肝组织大面积细胞核肿大,血窦扩张;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,肾小管坏死,肾小球坏死。实验表明,不同的器官之间病症的损伤程度是不同的,肝组织的损伤最严重,然后依次是鳃和肾。随着胁迫时间延长,鳃、肝和肾组织受到的损害增加,同时鱼体也产生防御反应,但96h的恢复期不足以让团头鲂幼鱼在胁迫中完全恢复,而恢复能力最差的是肾组织。     

药浴暴露下阿维菌素在异育银鲫体内蓄积和消除规律

采用UPLC-MS/MS法研究了2μg·L-1三次连续水体药浴和6μg·L-1一次性水体药浴条件下阿维菌素在水体中消除、在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)体内蓄积和消除变化规律。结果显示,两种药浴暴露方式下阿维菌素在水体中消除呈一级指数衰退消除,消除半衰期(t1/2)均为63 h,240 h时浓度下降到0.5μg·L-1以下。阿维菌素在异育银鲫血浆和肌肉中的含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,血浆中药物浓度远高于肌肉中的含量。2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组和6μg·L-1一次药浴组血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为34.97、66.62μg·L-1,其曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为9 871.2μg·L-1·h和18 119.6μg·L-1·h;两组药浴肌肉中达峰浓度分别4.42μg·kg-1和15.80μg·kg-1,其AUC0-t分别为641.9μg·kg-1·h和4 271.0μg·kg-1·h。与2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组相比,6μg·L-1一次药浴组阿维菌素在血浆和肌肉中的蓄积作用更加显著。以10μg·kg-1作为阿维菌素在异育银鲫肌肉中最大残留限量,选择95%的置信区间计算异育银鲫肌肉组织中休药期,本研究中2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组肌肉的休药期为295.4 h,6μg·L-1一次药浴组肌肉的休药期为454.5 h。     

热应激对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积及血液生化指标的影响

将35日龄AA商品肉仔公鸡126只随机分成高温自由采食组、适温自由采食组及适温日粮配对组,每组6个重复,每个重复7只鸡,饲养在人工环境控制舱内的层叠式育雏笼中。56日龄时,停食12 h,从每个重复中随机抽取3只鸡进行屠宰测定。研究结果表明,在自由采食条件下,35℃高温热应激显著降低肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿皮脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿皮脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P<0.05),显著升高血浆葡萄糖水平(P<0.01),显著降低血清胰岛素水平(P<0.05),而对血浆极低密度脂蛋白、游离脂肪酸水平无显著影响。与适温日粮配对组相比,热应激显著升高肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P<0.05),极显著升高血浆极低密度脂蛋白水平(P<0.01),显著升高血浆游离脂肪酸水平(P<0.05),而对右腿皮脂重、右腿皮脂率的升高程度影响不显著(P>0.05),对血浆葡萄糖、血清胰岛素水平无显著影响。     

不同寄主松树对松突圆蚧耐寒性的影响

通过测定过冷却点和低温暴露试验,比较不同寄主松树上松突圆蚧的耐寒性.寄生黑松和马尾松松突圆蚧雌成虫的过冷却点比寄生湿地松和火炬松的显著较高,2类过冷却点的平均值相差0.9～2.3℃,但寄生黑松和马尾松的雌成虫之间、寄生湿地松和火炬松的雌成虫之间均无显著差异.寄生马尾松2龄性分化后雌若虫的过冷却点比寄生湿地松的显著较高(高2.08℃);而2龄性分化后雄若虫则无显著差异.寄生马尾松的初孵若虫、1龄若虫、2龄性分化前若虫、2龄性分化后雌若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫、雌成虫及种群总体,对低温暴露致死的起始敏感温度和-20℃低温暴露的死亡率,均比寄生湿地松的相应虫态和种群总体更低;寄生马尾松松突圆蚧种群的致死中有效伤害低温累积(LSIT50)比寄生湿地松种群的低;2种寄主松树松突圆蚧各虫态及种群总体在低温暴露下死亡率的变化规律均符合改进后的双变量逻辑斯谛模型.研究结果说明:寄主松树能够影响松突圆蚧的过冷却点和低温暴露死亡率,寄生湿地松种群的耐寒性比寄生马尾松种群的弱.     

He-Ne激光辐照对大豆幼苗异黄酮含量的影响

用波长为632.8 nm的He-Ne激光辐照大豆种子胚,研究辐照时间对发芽率、幼苗株高及幼苗子叶、叶片和茎中大豆异黄酮含量的影响。结果表明:大豆种子胚经3.6 mW/mm2激光辐照1～7 min后,其发芽率、幼苗株高、幼苗苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)活性、游离苯丙氨酸(Phe)和大豆异黄酮含量均高于对照组(ck)。其中以幼苗叶辐照5 min后和子叶辐照7 min后,大豆异黄酮含量的提高最为明显,分别为42.6%和36.7%。本研究还从大豆异黄酮合成代谢起始酶PAL活性、合成前体Phe含量两方面探讨了激光辐照大豆种子胚提高其幼苗大豆异黄酮含量的机理。     

全氟辛烷磺酸污染研究进展

全氟辛烷璜酸（PFOS）是一种新型的持久性有机污染物（POPs）,也是目前最难降解的有机污染物之一。文章对PFOS在环境中（水体、沉积物）、动物体内及人群中的污染情况和暴露水平进行综述,提出今后应进一步对PFOS毒作用敏感指标及毒作用机制进行探讨与研究,研究和改进实验手段和检验设备,加大全国各地PFOS污染状况和健康影响调查、研究PFOS的时空分布规律及其在各环境介质中（主要是空气—水—土—底泥）的迁移、积累和转化,并通过数值模拟方法得到关于时空变化规律的数学模型,探索PFOS的修复治理技术,使PFOS对环境的影响降到最低。