酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝的影响

为探讨酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝不同发育阶段的影响,2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场用实验生态的方法研究了酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明:pH值7～8存活率最高,生长最好。稚贝的耐干露能力低下。     

Growth, stress response and free amino acid levels in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 1858) chronically exposed to exogenous ammonia

Stressful husbandry conditions are likely to affect growth and amino acid metabolism in fish. In this study, chronic ammonia exposure was used to test the effects of a stressor on growth and amino acid metabolism of Senegalese sole juveniles. The fish were exposed for 52 days to 11.6 mg L⁻¹ [low‐TAN (L‐TAN)] or 23.2 mg L⁻¹ [high‐TAN (H‐TAN)] of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), or to 0 mg L⁻¹ (Control). Growth in L‐TAN groups was slightly but significantly different from the Control groups [relative growth rate (RGR=0.35±0.13 and 0.52±0.23% day⁻¹ respectively)]. In H‐TAN groups, growth was severely affected (RGR=0.01±0.13% day⁻¹). Stress parameters (plasma cortisol and glucose) showed slight or no significant differences between treatments. Plasma free amino acid (FAA) concentrations were affected after H‐TAN treatment. Increases in glutamine and aspartate concentrations in H‐TAN fish suggest alterations in amino acid metabolism related to nitrogen excretion processes. Some of the changes in FAA concentrations also suggest mobilization to energy supply and synthesis of metabolites related to stress response. Therefore, Senegalese sole seem to adapt to the L‐TAN concentration tested, but the H‐TAN concentration reduced growth and affected amino acid metabolism.     

Human Exposure to Rabid Free‐Ranging Cats: A Continuing Public Health Concern in Pennsylvania

Rabid free‐ranging cats have been a public health concern in Pennsylvania since raccoon variant rabies first was recognized in the state in the early 1980s. Over the last decade, between 1.5 and 2.5% of cats submitted to Pennsylvania's state laboratories for rabies testing have been positive. In this report, we describe the extent of rabies in free‐ranging cats in Pennsylvania. We also present two examples of human exposure to rabid free‐ranging cats that occurred in Pennsylvania during 2010–2011 and the public health actions taken to address rabies exposure in the humans and animals. We then describe the concerns surrounding the unvaccinated and free‐ranging cat population in Pennsylvania and possible options in managing this public and animal health problem.     

我国主要食品中伏马菌素污染水平分析与风险评估

【目的】评价我国主要食品中伏马菌素(Fumonisins)的污染状况和风险水平,为相关食品安全管理部门制定伏马菌素限量标准及其他管理政策提供科学依据和相应数据支持。【方法】对我国18个城市中大米及其制品、面粉及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、干豆类和坚果5类食品中的伏马菌素进行抽样检测,结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据库的食物消费数据和人口学数据,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的风险评估方法原则,对我国不同性别年龄组人群对伏马菌素的摄入量进行暴露评估研究,并对其健康风险进行描述。【结果】在总计485份样本中有35份样本检出伏马菌素,伏马菌素平均含量为0.04mg/kg;我国不同性别年龄组人群对伏马菌素的总体平均摄入量为0.162~0.369μg/(kg·d),远小于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)对伏马菌素设定的暂定每日最大耐受摄入量(PMTDI)2μg/(kg·d)。【结论】我国主要食品中伏马菌素风险较低,处于可控水平。     

China-PEARL和PRZM-GW模型潍坊市场景农药地下水风险评估研究

农药地下水暴露模型China-PEARL已开始在我国农药地下水风险评估中应用。本文利用China-PEARL潍坊市场景数据,为PRZM-GW构建了潍坊市场景。在潍坊市场景下,利用2个模型计算了56种农药在5种作物上共计145种施用方式下的预测环境浓度(PEC)值,利用商值法(RQ)进行风险评估。结果显示有8种农药共13种施用方式在潍坊市场景下存在不可接受的地下水风险。其中,2个模型均显示有不可接受风险的农药是多菌灵和氟磺胺草醚。2个模型PEC值比较结果显示,PRZM-GW的农药风险评估趋势与China-PEARL一致性高,从而验证了China-PEARL的可信性。模型PEC值影响因素分析显示,土壤有机碳分配系数(Koc)对2个模型输出影响最大,可将Koc>400L·kg^-1作为判断某种农药预测浓度<0.1μg·L^-1经验性指标。2个模型的PEC值和土壤好氧半衰期的对数呈线性关系,当土壤好氧半衰期>10d时,模型的PEC值随土壤好氧半衰期的增大而迅速增高。水解半衰期为PRZM-GW模型输入项,决定了PRZM-GW模型模拟的农药浓度随年变化趋势。水中溶解度是China-PEARL的输入项,但对模型PEC值影响很小。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对生菜非结构性碳水化合物代谢的影响

【目的】研究低质量浓度微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）慢性暴露对生菜（Lactuca sativa）叶片及根系非结构性碳水化合物代谢的影响，为富营养化水体在生菜灌溉中的应用提供理论指导。【方法】以散叶生菜为试验材料，采用土培试验方法，设置不同质量浓度（0（对照组），1，5，10，30 μg/L）MC-LR的水溶液灌溉生菜30 d，通过分析生菜叶片及根系中可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖）及淀粉含量、蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化，探讨生菜非结构性碳水化合物代谢对MC-LR慢性暴露的响应。【结果】10和30 μg/L MC-LR组生菜对MC-LR的富集系数较5 μg/L MC-LR组分别显著上升10.85%和17.83%（P＜0.05），而对MC-LR的转运系数分别显著下降17.46%和13.85%（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，1 μg/L MC-LR组生菜净光合速率显著提高了9.17%（P＜0.05），叶片中果糖含量及根系中葡萄糖含量和淀粉酶（AMS）活性分别显著增加了52.71%，19.13%和37.01%（P＜0.05）；5，10和30 μg/L MC-LR组生菜净光合速率提高，但差异不显著（P＞0.05），叶片和根系中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量均显著增加（P＜0.05），叶片中性转化酶（NI）活性分别显著降低了27.10%，38.01%和37.29%（P＜0.05），淀粉合成酶活性分别显著增加20.92%，24.57%和30.28%（P＜0.05），根系蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和AMS活性均显著增加（P＜0.05）。【结论】1 μg/L MC-LR水溶液灌溉对生菜叶片和根系中非结构性碳水化合物的分布和代谢影响较弱；而5～30 μg/L MC-LR水溶液灌溉通过促进生菜根系淀粉分解和蔗糖代谢活性，维持体内较高浓度的可溶性糖，从而提高生菜的抗逆性。     

谷甾醇对斑马鱼生长发育和生殖的影响

为了研究谷甾醇(sitosterol)暴露对斑马鱼(Barchydanio rerio var)内分泌的干扰效应,通过不同浓度的谷甾醇(50、100、150、200μg/L)对雌性斑马鱼进行为期60 d的水浴暴露,同时设乙醇对照,分别于60 d后测定各组分雌性斑马鱼的生长指标,对部分组织进行切片观察,从组织病理学和毒理学方面评估谷甾醇暴露的毒性效应。结果表明:在200μg/L谷甾醇暴露下,斑马鱼全部死亡,其他各浓度处理与对照组相比,除臀鳍数随谷甾醇浓度的增加呈现倒"U"型趋势,以及肝重随谷甾醇浓度的增加而上升外,其他各生长指标均不同程度受到抑制,抑制作用与暴露浓度呈明显的剂量效应。此外,性腺指数(GSI)呈下降趋势,肝体指数(HSI)呈上升趋势,各组织切片也表现出明显的毒性反应。因此,可初步判断谷甾醇对斑马鱼的生长发育和繁殖系统会产生较大影响。     

JMPR 农药残留急性膳食摄入量计算方法

农药残留急性膳食风险评估直到最近才引起大家的关注。目前，粮农组织和世界卫生组织农药残留联席会议（JMPR）研究国际范围农药急性膳食风险评估；美国、英国、荷兰、澳大利亚和新西兰也开始进行国家农药急性膳食风险评估。农药急性膳食风险是急性或短期接触毒性与农药急性膳食摄入量的函数。急性膳食接触量评估常用的方法有：定点或确定性方法和概率模型法。在确定性方法中选取食物的大部分人群消耗量和高残留量来计算膳食摄入量，为了解决混合样品中食品个体之间的残留差异，在计算中引入了变异因子。JMPR根据具体情况分为情形1、情形2a、情形2b、情形3来计算农药急性膳食摄入量。中国应该尽快建立健全膳食结构和农产品性状数据库，建立健全市场中农产品的农药残留数据库，并在高毒和中等毒性农药登记前应采用JMPR的确定性方法，进行急性膳食风险评估，提高农药膳食摄入的安全性。     

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay‐rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm^?3 increased to 1.05 g cm^?3 in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm^?3 in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially >250 mm h^?1, declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h^?1 in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run‐off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.     

多种接种途径对草鱼细菌性烂鳃和肠炎病的免疫预防效果

将柱状嗜纤维菌（Ｃｙｔｏｐｈａｇａｃｏｌｕｍｎａｒｉｓ）和点状气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｐｕｎｃｔａｔａ）分别制成酚灭活菌苗（ＰＫＣ）和提取其菌体脂多糖（ＬＰＳ），采用浸泡加注射和口服加浸泡的多种接种途径，对草鱼免疫接种４周后，测定受免鱼血清中凝集抗体效价。无论是浸泡加注射还是口服加浸泡的免疫应答均较对照鱼有明显上升，对活菌攻毒的免疫保护率也达到了５０％～８８．９％。证明了多种接种途径免疫预防草鱼的细菌性烂鳃和肠炎病的效果是明显的。