记忆与建构:临淮泥塑的创作主题与淮河乡村社会

临淮泥塑是淮河南岸乡村社会中的一项民间手工艺，淮河乡村社会的生产生活为临淮泥塑提供了丰富的创作主题。以临淮泥塑为物质文化媒介，以个人与社会记忆为视角，建构了淮河乡村社会独特的文化景观，即乡村社会与孩童成长、节庆活动、返璞归真的日常生活，这构成了临淮泥塑个人记忆的主题。社会记忆中的临淮泥塑主题由弘扬治淮精神、人民立场与家国情怀这两个方面构成。以上两个主题丰富了临淮泥塑的文化内涵，并由此折射出淮河文化多元并蓄的一面，对皖西非物质文化传播具有重要的理论意义和现实价值。     

沉积作用及应力历史对自重应力和沉降的影响

土体的沉积作用和应力历史会影响土体自重应力的确定，也会影响地基最终沉降量的确定。鉴于e-lnp比e-lgp坐标图能更方便、精确地描述线性问题，根据e-lnp坐标图推导沉积作用对成层土、正常固结土、超固结土的自重应力与沉降影响的计算式。用该计算式对昆明滇池国际会展中心部分深厚软土地基的自重应力和最终沉降量进行计算，并用计算结果和不考虑沉积作用及应力历史影响的计算结果进行对比分析，结果表明，沉积作用对深厚软粘土自重应力和最终沉降量计算值的影响非常显著，并且土体厚度越厚、上覆荷载越大，其影响越明显。     

磁性黏土颗粒对污染土壤中镉去除作用的初步研究

农田土壤中镉（Cd）污染备受关注，亟需开发出可以在土壤中快速去除Cd的修复材料与方法。磁性黏土矿物吸附材料因具有重金属吸附容量高和便于回收再利用等特点已成为当前土壤修复净化方面的研究热点。本研究使用了一种毫米级磁性黏土颗粒吸附材料测试其对土壤Cd的去除性能，材料记为巯基改性凹凸棒@沸石（MSAZ）。通过对不同类型人工模拟Cd污染土实验表明，材料最佳施用量为MSAZ:土壤质量比1:5，此时在人工模拟污染红壤中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的单次材料施用去除率高达95%，在人工模拟的棕壤和黑土也可达75%-80%。通过对实际的Cd高背景旱地土壤和Cd污染水稻土的去除实验表明，MSAZ对这两种土壤中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的首次施用去除率均约40%；经过五次重复利用后，MSZA对污染水稻土中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的累积去除率可达98%，并且该材料依然保持着85%的吸附能力，回收率仍高于80%。本研究的磁性黏土颗粒具有较强的土壤Cd去除性能和应用潜力，可为农田土壤Cd污染的原位修复提供材料及技术支持。     

上覆蓄水陶土层对黄土高原土壤水分入渗与蒸发的影响

为探究蓄水陶土持水能力及改良黄土高原土壤水分运移特性,进行了蓄水陶土持水特性试验及室内上覆蓄水陶土层的土柱入渗和蒸发试验。蓄水陶土设置3个粒径水平(20~30,5,2 mm),土柱试验上覆蓄水陶土层厚5 cm,并以不覆盖蓄水陶土的处理为对照(CK)。结果表明:室温15 ℃下,3种粒径的蓄水陶土40 s内均能达到饱和,且蓄水陶土吸水倍率介于30%~90%,同时释水速率较为缓慢,蓄水陶土持水性较好;就土柱入渗而言,不同粒径的蓄水陶土均显著促进土壤湿润锋运移距离,累积入渗量较CK处理增加40%~60%,且随粒径的增大而增大;在土柱蒸发方面,连续蒸发7天时,不同粒径蓄水陶土均在不同程度上抑制土壤蒸发,且粒径为5 mm时的效果最明显,其累积蒸发量比CK减小67.23%;上覆蓄水陶土层可减少土壤水分散失,上覆不同粒径蓄水陶土的土柱,在10—25 cm土层内的土壤含水率较CK可提高4~5倍。综合考虑土壤入渗及蒸发过程,上覆蓄水陶土的粒径为5 mm时效果最佳。研究结果能够为构建提高黄土高原坡面渗蓄能力的方法提供理论依据。     

Structural stability of an Alfisol under various fallow management practices in southwestern Nigeria

The effects of legume‐based soil management on soil dispersion were studied on an Alfisol between 1994 and 1995 in an experiment which was established in 1989 in southwestern Nigeria. The fallow systems, which constituted the main plots in the split‐plot experiment, included natural fallow, Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth, and Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit. The subplots were 25, 33, 50 and 100 per cent cropping intensities. Apart from indices of soil dispersion such as water‐dispersible clay and dispersion ratio, the fractal theory was applied to describe the fragmentation of soil aggregates less than 4 mm under the systems and cropping intensities. Although water dispersible clay was less than 60 g kg⁻¹ in the 0–15 cm soil depth because it was inherently low in clay content, the soil dispersion ratio was generally above 50 per cent. Also, the fractal dimensions, which ranged between 2.75 and 2.89, were similar among the fallow systems with cropping intensities for the surface soil. However, the interaction of slope position with season caused significant differences in fractal parameters, suggesting that the processes of soil degradation were different for the upper and lower slopes even with similar microaggregate distribution. The soil was inherently vulnerable to soil dispersion, although, the fallow management systems with less than 100 per cent cropping intensity would maintain soil structure at similar level as the forest. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.