饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近（22.96±2.00）kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组：D（对照组,两种菌均不添加）;D1（酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D2（地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D3（酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）,每组12只羊,试验期共75 d,前15 d为适应期,正饲期60d。试验羊每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水。正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,并在第1、30、60 天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重（ADG）及料重比（F/G）。试验结束当天08：00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数、消化酶活性以及功能微生物。【结果】1）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对试验羊的初始体重和终末体重及平均采食量的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的ADG显著高于D组（P<0.05）,D3组的F/G显著低于D组（P<0.05）,D1和D2组的F/G差异不显著（P>0.05）;2）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对瘤胃液pH、丁酸浓度及乙丙比的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的NH₃-N浓度显著低于D组（P<0.05）,TVFA和丙酸浓度显著高于D组（P<0.05）,且D3组与D1和D2组均差异不显著（P>0.05）,D3和D2组的乙酸浓度显著高于D1与D组（P<0.05）;3）D3组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及淀粉酶活性均显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）。D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性与D组无显著差异（P>0.05）。D3组蛋白酶活性显著高于D和D2组（P<0.05）,与D1组差异不显著（P>0.05）,D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性均差异不显著（P>0.05）;4）添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对黄色瘤胃球菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫数量的影响不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的溶纤维丁酸弧菌数显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌显著高于D组（P<0.05）,但与D1和D2组差异不显著（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组产甲烷菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）,其中D3组最低。【结论】饲粮中添加6×10¹⁰CFU/kg酿酒酵母和2×10¹⁰CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌均会对绵羊瘤胃发酵产生积极影响,提高了瘤胃消化酶的活性,增加了瘤胃有益菌的数量,且二者组合饲喂效果更加显著。     

脂肪酸组合对体外瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸的影响

为研究长链脂肪酸组合对体外培养瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响，并得出最优脂肪酸组合及添加水平，试验选取硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸4种脂肪酸因子，设置0.5%、1.0%、1.5%等3个水平进行L₉（3⁴）正交试验，其中Ⅰ~Ⅸ组为试验组、Ⅹ组为对照组，各处理均设3个重复。以3头瘤胃瘘管山羊为瘤胃液供体进行体外发酵试验，测定各组培养液VFA 24 h内的动态变化。结果显示，各组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度总体上呈先上升后下降再上升的波动变化趋势。其中在6 h时Ⅶ组TVFA浓度最高。乙酸/丙酸比值总体呈下降趋势，6 h前下降较快，6 h后趋于平缓。丁酸摩尔百分比在7.97%~15.41%间变动。主成分与最优组合分析表明，TVFA浓度影响的主次顺序为亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸；以添加1.5%硬脂酸、0.5%油酸、1.5%亚油酸、0.5%α-亚麻酸时组合效应最好。     

日粮不同CP及RUP水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的粗蛋白（CP）及瘤胃非降解蛋白（RUP）的日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响。试验选择18头健康、体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分为6组,每组3头。采用2×3因子完全随机试验设计,其中CP设7.5%（低）、9.0%（中）、10.5%（高）3个水平,RUP设45%CP（低）、55%CP（高）2个水平,共6个处理组,饲喂相同基础日粮,精粗比为3∶7,预饲期10d,饲喂后2、4、8、12、24h从食道采集瘤胃液2d,测定瘤胃液pH值,NH3-N、微生物蛋白质（BCP）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量。结果表明,日粮CP水平对瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的影响极显著（P〈0.01）,对BCP及VFA的含量影响较小,总体而言,9.0%CP水平组对奶牛的瘤胃发酵略好于其他两组;日粮中高RUP（55%CP）可以显著降低瘤胃pH值且有降低NH3-N浓度的趋势,同时,对瘤胃BCP及VFA的合成有一定的促进作用。该试验条件下,日粮中CP（9.0%）和RUP（55%CP）可在一定程度上改善瘤胃代谢。     

体外发酵法评定不同茬次和生长年限苜蓿的营养价值

本试验采用瘤胃体外发酵技术比较研究了不同茬次和生长年限紫花苜蓿的营养价值及体外发酵特性。试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为瘤胃液供体,称量1 g苜蓿样品于含有10 mL瘤胃液和90 mL培养基的发酵瓶内,39℃体外发酵96 h,分别于24、48、72及96 h冰浴终止发酵,采样。结果显示:茬次、生长年限对苜蓿体外发酵产气量、氨态氮(NH3-N)和菌体蛋白(MCP)浓度均有显著影响(P0.05),茬次对苜蓿体外发酵营养物质降解率有显著影响(P0.05),且茬次与生长在苜蓿体外发酵产气量、营养物质降解率上均存在交互作用(P0.05)。发酵结束后,苜蓿的产气量,营养物质降解率及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、NH3-N和MCP浓度在第3茬最高。产气量、营养物质降解率、NH3-N浓度在1和4年龄较高,3年龄较低。综上,以1年龄第3茬和4年龄第3茬苜蓿营养价值较高,3年龄第2茬较低。     

半地下带保温夹套发酵罐的应用

通过对半地下带保温夹套的发酵罐与普通发酵罐24 h的温度变化和6 d的产气量的对比试验分析,结果表明:采用半地下带保温夹套发酵罐发酵,24 h的温度变化缓慢,受外界温度变化影响小,高温持续的时间较长,利于微生物发酵;产气总量多,持续时间长。     

固态发酵在真菌除草剂规模化生产中的应用及展望

本文就固态发酵在真菌除草剂规模化生产中的应用现状、实例及如何控制发酵条件进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

利用甜高粱秸秆汁产单细胞蛋白的分批补料发酵研究

本文以甜高粱秸秆汁为主要的发酵原料,对热带假丝酵母SG-1在15-L罐上产单细胞蛋白(SCP)的分批补料发酵过程进行研究。首先对分批发酵模式下的菌体代谢过程变化进行研究。研究发现,接种后菌体快速进入繁殖阶段,但是总糖在12 h处于耗竭状态,使得菌体量和SCP产量过早的在18 h就达到峰值。基于此,在15-L罐上建立了热带假丝酵母SG-1产SCP的分批补料发酵模式。结果表明:菌体代谢因基质的补加而得到进一步的延续,放罐时(42 h)其菌体干重和SCP产量分别达19.86 g/L和9.93 g/L,显著高于分批发酵模式的10.45 g/L和4.70 g/L。     

Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses

The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split-plot design run as a crossover in two periods. The whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for the amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. The main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, and all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and beta diversities were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05), whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total VFA concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared with cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared with the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared with cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.     

构树的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

构树含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等多种营养物质,有抗氧化、抗菌消炎的功能。构树在畜禽养殖中的应用有助于解决我国的"人畜争粮"问题,有望成为一种具有广泛应用前景的蛋白质饲料。文章综述构树的营养成分、生物发酵技术以及在猪、家禽、反刍动物养殖中的应用研究进展。     

Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep

This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti-quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total-tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites were determined in a Latin square design of five periods with five male sheep. Compared to sorghum, CS had lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein, but higher starch, lignin (sa), non-structural carbohydrates and apparent nutrient digestibility. The measurements of pH, lactic acid, NH₃-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) confirmed that all silages were well-preserved. The anti-quality compound levels in the silages were below the safe limits for ruminants. No differences were observed in feed consumption (p > 0.05) and total-tract digestibility of DM and nutrients (p > 0.05). Rumen pH, NH₃-N, VFA concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Sheep fed on sorghum silage showed a decrease (p < 0.01) in total protozoa, and particularly in the Entodiniae population. There were no differences in cellulolytic bacteria counts (p > 0.05) among treatments. Urinary N, MNS and blood biochemistry metabolites showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Silages from both cuts of sorghum had comparable total-tract nutrient digestibility to CS, therefore, these varieties could be used as a more drought resilient silage source in the feeding of sheep.