白藤花粉采集时间及萌发条件的初步研究

对白藤开花习性、花粉采集时间及萌发条件进行了初步研究,结果表明：在白藤开花盛期,日开花高峰期集中在早晨4：00～8：00,其中6：00开放的花朵占当日开花总数的62．36％,其他时段开花量极少;上午8：30～11：30收集的花粉萌发力最强;在25％蔗糖液体培养基中和35℃下培养6h,花粉萌发与生长效果最佳。     

Effect of collection date on capsule moisture content and germination of Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle from central Himalaya

Seed maturity indices of Populus ciliata were investigated in collections from Sukhatal and Bhowali. Across both seed sources, mean capsule size varied from 68.0±1.5 mm² to 72.0±0.9 mm², while mean number of capsules/100 grams varied from 268±8 to 295±12. Mean weight of 100 capsules varied from 25.0±1.4 g to 27.0±1.4 g. Weight of 100 capsules among sources and individual trees differed significantly (P < 0.05), while number of capsules/100 grams and weight of 100 capsules was negatively correlated (r² = 0.69). As capsules matured moisture content decreased from 83.2±1.1% to 54.3±0.3% at Sukhatal and from 77.7±0.4% to 46.4±0.3% at Bhowali. The optimum germination was at 58–60% moisture content. Maturation was related to capsule colour changes as well as moisture content. These parameters were judged to be good indicators of when to collect P. ciliata seeds.     

Viability retention of seeds of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) on the trees after maturity

In 1991 and 1992 studies on Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. showed the availability of ample amount of viable seed from November to May. Viability of seeds collected from December to March was more than 90 per cent. There was a slight but significant decrease in germination from March to may. Again germination per cent was slightly and significantly decreased from May to July. Thereafter, seed availability and viability were got drastically reduced. Sufficient viable seed of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. can be collected at any time from November to July.     

马铃薯联合收获机环形减损集薯升运装置设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯联合收获机升运输送行程长而导致伤薯率高、破皮率高、机具结构不紧凑等问题,结合北方马铃薯主产区收获模式,设计了一款适用于马铃薯升运作业的环形减损集薯升运装置。在阐述总体结构及工作原理基础上,结合马铃薯运动学模型和碰撞特性分析,得到影响升运效率和薯块损伤的主要因素,通过DEM-MBD耦合构建薯块和装置模型,得到最优参数组合：升运挡板高度为199.21 mm、升运挡板与升运输送带间夹角为75.86°、相邻两升运挡板间距为240.35 mm。台架试验表明：上料量为24 t/h,升运输送带运行速度为0.8、1.0、1.2 m/s时,电子马铃薯采集的碰撞加速度峰值平均值为636.63、593.29、685.63 m/s²,破皮率为1.13%、1.06%、1.21%,碰撞加速度峰值均小于马铃薯临界损伤阈值。田间试验表明：作业速度为0.6、0.7、0.8 m/s时,伤薯率为0.94%、1.06%、1.12%,破皮率为1.09%、1.21%、1.33%,环形减损集薯升运装置运行正常,未出现薯块掉落等现象,各部件配合协调,满足装袋型马铃薯联合收获机高效稳定的作业要求。     

高地隙农田信息采集机器人设计与试验

为适应水田行走和不同垄宽等复杂的农艺条件,设计了一种轮距宽度可调的高地隙四驱农田信息采集机器人。利用SolidWorks对整体结构进行设计分析和零部件选型,设计了基于GNSS和INS的组合导航与路径跟踪控制系统,并对机器人进行了水田行走性能测试和信息采集试验。结果表明,机器人四轮驱动方式具备较好的速度一致性,地隙与轮距调节机构调节到位误差率为1.33%和0.73%;直线路径跟踪的平均横向误差为6.8 cm,直角转弯的平均收敛时间为25.6 s;机器人最大行驶速度为1 m/s,单点信息采集平均耗时为24.5 s,传感器采集的各类数据均满足使用要求,该信息采集机器人可实现复杂条件下的农田信息采集工作。     

Structure and Management Issues of the Emerging Ornamental Fish Trade In Eritrea

Following independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea resumed exploiting Red Sea and Arabian fish species for the ornamental trade in 1995 as a means to earn foreign exchange from sparsely exploited marine resources. This paper describes the findings of research conducted in 1997, in collaboration with the Eritrean Ministry of Fisheries. The capture, transport and export of aquarium fish were reviewed and potential impacts and the status of management were investigated through liaison with stakeholders and researchers. From 1995 to 1997 two companies exported approximately 60,000 fish per year, mainly to the USA, worth US$65,000 (export value). Seventy-five species (from 22 families) were exported. Damselfishes made up two-thirds of total exports but more valuable families (angelfishes and butterflyfishes) were more economically significant. To earn revenue for Eritrea, a 20% export tax was imposed, although this was calculated from declarations by the operators. The emerging nature of the trade allowed detailed monitoring by the Ministry of Fisheries. However, management efforts were constrained by a lack of capacity for enforcement and baseline research. Several potential effects of the trade exist but other, land-based impacts may be more pressing concerns for Eritrea's reefs. Research priorities for management are discussed as well as the implications of mariculture of Eritrean species by other nations.     

The Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Europe—2011–2013

During the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) epidemic, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) collected data on SBV occurrence across Europe in order to provide an assessment of spread and impact. By May 2013, twenty-nine countries were reporting to EFSA and twenty-two countries had reported cases of SBV. The total number of SBV herds reported was 13,846 and the number of SBV laboratory confirmed herds was 8730. The surveillance activities were based on the detection of SBV clinical cases (either adults or newborns). Malformation in newborns was the most commonly reported clinical sign of SBV-infection. All countries were able to provide the date when the first suspicion of SBV in the herd was reported and nineteen could report the location of the herd at a regional level. This allowed the spread of SBV in Europe to be measured both temporally and spatially. The number of SBV confirmed herds started to increase in December 2011 and two peaks were observed in 2012 (February and May). Confirmed herds continued to be reported in 2012 and into 2013. An increase during winter 2012 and spring 2013 was again observed, but the number of confirmed herds was lower than in the previous year. SBV spread rapidly throughout Europe from the initial area of detection. SBV was detected above the latitude of 60° North, which exceeds the northern expansion observed during the bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic in 2006–2009. The impact of SBV was calculated as ratio of the number of herds with at least one malformed SBV positive foetus and the total number of herds in this region. The 75th percentile of the malformations ratio in the various affected countries for the whole reporting period was below 1% and 3% for cattle and sheep herds, respectively. International data collection on emerging diseases represents a challenge as the nature of available data, data quality and the proportion of reported cases may vary widely between affected countries. Surveillance activities on emerging animal diseases are often structured only for case detection making the estimation of infection/diseases prevalence and the investigation of risk factors difficult. The impact of the disease must be determined to allow risk managers to take appropriate decisions. Simple within-herd impact indicators suitable for emerging disease outbreaks should be defined that could be measured as part of routine animal health surveillance programmes and allow for rapid and reliable impact assessment of emerging animal health diseases.     

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

虾夷扇贝海区采苗技术初步研究

2005—2006年,在大连旅顺沿海进行了虾夷扇贝海区采苗试验。试验结果为:2005年月亮湾海区采苗密度,第1批为231枚/袋,第2批为423枚/袋;2006年月亮湾海区采苗密度为242枚/袋,董砣子海区为456枚/袋。生殖腺指数等调查结果表明,长海县各海区虾夷扇贝开始产卵时间在3月末4月初。虾夷扇贝浮游幼虫附着高峰期出现在5月底。     

Motility Parameters of Rainbow Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) Spermatozoa in Relation to Sequential Collection of Milt,Time of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Post-mortem</Emphasis> Storage and Anesthesia

The present study investigated the effects of sequential collection of milt, time of post-mortem storage and anesthesia on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm motility parameters (using computer-assisted sperm analysis – CASA) as well as seminal plasma osmolality and sperm concentration. The post-mortem storage and time of anesthesia altered motility characteristics of rainbow trout sperm to different extents. The moderate impact of time of anesthesia was manifested in a shortened duration of sperm motility after 10 min exposure of fish to anesthetic. The prolonged post-mortem storage (≥40–60 min), in addition to lowering sperm motility duration, also significantly influenced sperm motility parameters, such as sperm velocities, percentage of motile sperm and sperm trajectory parameters. These results clearly demonstrate that when milt from sacrificed fish is used for sperm motility studies, the time of post-mortem storage significantly alters sperm motility characteristics. Since sperm motility rate and swimming velocity could predict fertilizing ability, detrimental effects of prolonged post-mortem storage may lead to reduced fertilization success. Sperm concentration and seminal plasma osmolality were lower in the first fractions and increased with successive collections of milt. It suggests the presence of urine contamination of the first milt fractions which were collected by stripping. Therefore, testing of sperm concentration and/or seminal plasma osmolality should be mandatory while handling stored milt.