新疆棉区日最低气温对棉纤维次生壁加厚期蔗糖代谢的影响

 【目的】研究日均最低气温对棉纤维中蔗糖代谢、纤维素沉积和纤维比强度形成的影响,揭示棉纤维强力变化的机理。【方法】通过分期播种,使棉铃发育处于不同的低温环境下,研究不同低温水平对新疆棉纤维发育过程中蔗糖代谢中相关物质含量变化、调控蔗糖代谢的关键酶活性变化的影响及与纤维素沉积的关系。【结果】正常播期条件下,棉株中部棉铃纤维中蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性高,蔗糖转化彻底,纤维素累积时间长且累积平稳,最终纤维素含量高、纤维强力增加。播期推迟,棉铃发育过程中夜间温度降低,纤维中SPS活性下降、酸性转化酶（AI）和碱性转化酶（NI）活性升高,造成果糖含量明显上升,影响纤维素的沉积。【结论】棉纤维加厚期＜15.3℃的日均最低气温影响了蔗糖代谢关键酶活性的变化,引起蔗糖转化率下降,果糖循环速率减缓并在纤维中大量富集。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解菌对纤维素的粘附及其酶活性研究

本项研究表明，嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌Clostridium sp.EVA1在降解纤维素的过程中，菌体对不溶性纤维素底物具有强烈的粘附作用。在透明圈中参与纤维素降解的菌体周围具有波纹状突起结构，并且菌体与纤维素的粘附位点是一个电子致密区域。该菌株产生的纤维素酶是与细胞相连的胞外酶，培养液中无纤维素酶活性。以脱脂棉花为碳源培养产生的纤维素酶活性最大。该菌株纤维素酶在70℃下具有最大的酶活性。     

大量分离松材线虫幼虫及获得无菌幼虫的方法

利用松材线虫成虫和幼虫在比重和运动性方面的差异,通过在0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠盐溶液中沉降而得到分离。并在4℃条件下用3%H2O2处理松材线虫幼虫60 min而得到无菌幼虫。     

纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮酶解效果的研究

通过使用不同添加量饲用纤维素复合酶在不同时间预消化处理小麦日粮,研究饲用纤维素复合酶添加量对小麦日粮酶解效果的影响。试验结果表明：添加饲用纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮的酶解率、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维有影响,但并不是饲用纤维素复合酶的添加量越高作用效果越明显。在36h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量在0．2‰水平下,酶解效果最好,与添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;在12h、48h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。0．2‰水平的相比,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Resistance mechanism to carboxylic acid amide fungicides in the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis

BACKGROUND: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal oomycete agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for enormous crop losses in many species of Cucurbitaceae, particularly in cucumber and melon. Disease control is mainly achieved by combinations of host resistance and fungicide applications. However, since 2004, resistance to downy mildew in cucumber has been overcome by the pathogen, thus driving farmers to rely only on fungicide spray applications, including carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Recently, CAA‐resistant isolates of P. cubensis were recovered, but the underlying mechanism of resistance was not revealed. The purpose of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism controlling resistance to CAAs in P. cubensis. RESULTS: The four CesA (cellulose synthase) genes responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in P. cubensis were characterised. Resistant strains showed a mutation in the CesA3 gene, at position 1105, leading to an amino acid exchange from glycine to valine or tryptophan. Cross‐resistance tests with different CAAs indicated that these mutations lead to resistance against all tested CAAs. CONCLUSION: Point mutations in the CesA3 gene of P. cubensis lead to CAA resistance. Accurate monitoring of these mutations among P. cubensis populations may improve/facilitate adequate recommendation/deployment of fungicides in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of solid residues from the cellulose industry on plant growth

An alternative use of solid organic and inorganic residues as fertilizers from a Kraft pulp industry was studied. Residues of inorganic nature, such as ashes, fly‐ashes, dregs, grits, as well those rich in organic matter, primary sludge and brown stock rejects, were examined for plant growth enhancement. These residues, all alkaline in nature, used in different concentrations together with soil, bark, organic soil or mixed with a nutrient solution, were tested on the growth of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), Eucalyptus globulus, rice (Oryza sativa. cv. ‘Diamante’), and duckweed (Lemna minor) under greenhouse and in‐vitro conditions, respectively. Responses varied according to plant species, type, and waste content in combination with substrate. For Monterey pine, substrates including ash, fly‐ash, and dregs promoted growth; in Eucalyptus seedlings dregs and fly‐ash were also beneficial. Primary sludge and ash were favorable for rice growth. Duckweed increased frond number and plant biomass when grown in water containing fly‐ash and primary sludge extracts, combined with nutrient salts.     

羧甲基纤维素钠对土壤团粒结构及水分运动特性的影响

土壤改良剂的应用研究对改善土壤环境,促进作物生长有着重要意义。该文通过向土壤中添加不同质量的羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose,简称CMC),研究了不同含量的CMC对土壤团粒结构及水分运动的影响。结果表明:随着CMC含量的增大,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增大,土壤分形维数减小,土壤黏粒和粉粒比例减少,砂粒比例增多,黏粒和粉粒均与土壤分形维数呈正相关关系,砂粒与分形维数呈负相关关系,黏粒含量对土壤分形维数影响最为显著,土壤中0.1 mm的颗粒含量减少,而≥0.1 mm的颗粒含量均有不同程度的增加;随CMC含量的增大,土壤的入渗能力减弱,稳定入渗率显著减小,Philip公式中吸渗率减小,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数减小,经验指数增大;随着CMC含量的增大,土壤的持水能力增强,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率、饱和含水率及与进气值相关的系数均有所增大,形状系数逐渐减小。该研究对可为CMC的田间土壤改良应用提供理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿和马唐根的生物力学性能及相关因素的试验研究

选择固土护坡植物时，植物根的抗拉强度是一项重要的力学指标。对豆科的紫花苜蓿和禾本科的马唐根的抗拉力和纤维素含量的研究表明，根的抗拉强度和纤维素含量均与直径呈显著的负相关关系，根的抗拉强度与纤维素含量呈正相关关系，表明“木本植物根的抗拉强度、直径和纤维素含量关系”的研究结论在这两种草本植物上也同样适用。对紫花苜蓿和马唐根的抗拉强度与其“木质素/纤维素”之间关系的研究表明，两者呈负相关关系，证实纤维素含量对于维持根抗拉强度的作用大于木质素含量。研究发现，豆科紫花苜蓿根的应力-应变为对数函数关系，不符合胡克定律，马唐根的应力-应变关系的本构方程基本遵从胡克定律。直径愈小，紫花苜蓿和马唐根的应力—应变关系对应变率敏感程度愈高，根的极限延伸率愈大。另外，根的抗拉力和直径测试设备的改进，实验结果更准确可靠。这方面研究对揭示植物根系提高土壤抗冲击性和抗剪强度机理，更好地进行水土保持植物的选择和优化组合具有重要意义。     

瘤胃纤维素酶来源的微生物及其作用机制

纤维素酶是一种高效的生物催化剂,在纤维素类物质的利用方面发挥着重要作用.瘤胃来源的纤维素酶是一类能够分解瘤胃中纤维素类物质的酶或酶系,能将纤维素类物质分解成葡萄糖供给动物生长所需.对纤维素进行了概述,分析了瘤胃纤维素酶来源的细菌、真菌和其他微生物种类和分泌的纤维素酶以及瘤胃各类微生物对纤维素的降解过程,并对纤维素酶的种类和降解机理进行了阐述,为进一步研究瘤胃纤维素酶提供参考.     

酶法降解与微生物发酵结合处理柑橘皮渣生产高蛋白饲料

以柑橘皮渣为原料,通过超微粉碎技术进行前处理,采用双酶法降解纤维素与微生物发酵法生产高蛋白饲料.以可溶性蛋白质、还原性糖为考察指标,研究果胶酶与纤维素酶添加量、体系pH值、酵母接种量、发酵时间等因素对发酵终产品的影响,通过正交试验优化确定最佳生产工艺.结果表明,在50℃时,果胶酶添加量0.06 g/100g、纤维素酶添加量0.02 g/100g、pH值5.0下酶解皮渣1.0 h,可得还原性糖含量适宜、酵母利用度高的皮渣液.同时调节该酶解液pH值为4.0,酵母接种量为10.0％(V/V),35℃发酵5d,可得可溶性蛋白含量为101.9 mg,/L的高蛋白饲料.