菌渣纤维素降解菌的筛选与鉴定

为了寻找高效纤维素降解菌,提高菌渣堆肥微生物发酵效果,促进菌渣高效循环利用,从不同地点堆放的杏鲍菇菌渣中采集样品,利用羧甲基纤维素钠培养基分离纤维素降解菌,结合纤维素刚果红水解圈测定、滤纸条降解试验和纤维素酶(滤纸酶FPA、内切葡聚糖酶CMCase、外切葡聚糖酶C1、葡萄糖苷酶β-Gase)活性测定,筛选到4株(FB7、CB1、BC11、BC12)具有高效纤维素降解能力的细菌,经16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定FB7、CB1为枯草芽孢杆菌,BC11为链霉菌属Streptomyces albus,BC12是丛毛单胞菌属的Comamonas_jiangduensis,其中FB7降解能力强,可将滤纸条降解成糊状(10 d),纤维素酶活力很高,摇瓶发酵4 d后FPA、CMCase、C1酶、β-Gase的酶活分别为22.81、314.50、2.78、188.09 U·g^-1。复合菌剂CB1+BC11+FB7的FPA、CMCase、C1酶、β-Gase的酶活高于其他各组合,为31.56、133.63、2.31、217.21 U·g^-1,与FB7相比分别提高了38.4%、11.2%、178%、70.3%,将复合菌CB1+BC11+FB7接种到菌渣堆肥中,与对照相比,能快速提高堆体温度,且在翻堆后能更好地维持堆温。     

响应面法优化解淀粉芽孢杆菌产细菌纤维素发酵条件

[目的]实现高效生产细菌纤维素(Bacterial cellulose,BC).[方法]以解淀粉芽孢杆菌ZF-7(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZF-7)为菌源,通过单因素试验和中心组合试验原理设计响应面法(CCRD)对其发酵生产BC的发酵条件进行优化.[结果]利用单因素试验确定了最适碳源与氮源分别为D-葡萄糖和酵母膏,并确定了D-葡萄糖、酵母膏及无水乙醇添加量对BC产量(干重)的影响.响应面法优化得到的最佳发酵条件为:葡萄糖56.1 g/L、酵母提取物9.9 g/L、乙醇17.2 ml/L.在此条件下,测得BC产量7.88 g/L,比初始产量提高了35.4％.[结论]研究可为解淀粉芽孢杆菌工业化应用提供参考.     

一锅法制备羧基化纳米纤维素晶体

为了探究高效、简便的羧基化纳米纤维素晶体(CCN)制备工艺,以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料,过硫酸铵为氧化剂,采用一锅法制备出羧基化纳米纤维素晶体。并运用响应面分析法对影响羧基化纳米纤维素得率的各因素及其相互之间的交互作用进行优化。再采用透射电镜、马尔文激光粒度仪、红外光谱、X射线衍射和热分析对样品的微观形貌、粒度分布、晶体特性、结构和热稳定性能进行了研究。结果表明:过硫酸铵浓度与时间、温度与时间之间的交互作用比过硫酸铵浓度与温度间的交互作用对羧基化纳米纤维素得率的影响显著。通过优化得到的制备工艺条件为时间204min、过硫酸铵浓度2mol/L、温度62℃,优化条件下制备的羧基化纳米纤维素得率为46.41%,与模型预测值(46.93%)吻合较好,表明建立的数学模型是有效的。CCN为直径10~30nm、长度50~200nm均匀分布的棒状,Z均粒径为96.92nm;在1731cm-1出现了羧基基团的CO特征峰,表明过硫酸铵分解产生的氧化剂H2O2选择性地把纤维素C6原子上的羟基氧化成了羧基;CCN属纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为78.35%;羧基化后的CCN热稳定性相对于MCC有较明显的降低。      

草酸青霉菌产酶条件优化及其秸秆腐解能力

目前还田的玉米秸秆存在腐解难的特点,如何加速玉米秸秆腐解成为国内外研究的热点。该试验采用纤维素-刚果红染色法从河北山前平原小麦-玉米轮作且长期秸秆还田的土壤中分离筛选到一株纤维素酶活性高的真菌。将测得的ITS基因序列与NCBI数据库上进行同源性比对,综合形态特征和ITS基因序列同源性分析,该菌株鉴定为草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)。该文对其产酶条件和玉米秸秆分解能力进行了进一步研究。结果表明,在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)液体培养基和玉米秸秆液体培养基上30℃培养72 h,内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase酶)和滤纸酶(FPase酶)活性分别达672.8、282.9和774.6、618.3 U;以玉米秸秆为底物其产天然纤维素总酶活性可达到376.1 U,说明该菌具有较强的玉米秸秆分解能力。该菌最佳产酶条件为:0.3%的牛肉膏蛋白胨为氮源,接种量为5%,培养温度为28~35℃,pH值=4~7,培养48~96 h;最优发酵条件为固液比为1∶10,培养时间为48 h,培养温度为30℃,pH值为6.5。该菌株对玉米秸秆腐解能力的研究表明,在秸秆揺瓶试验中,培养10 d后,秸秆腐解率达87.3%,为对照的1.90倍;在土壤培养试验中,培养45 d时,腐解率达83.5%,是对照的1.62倍;在玉米秸秆还田的小麦盆栽试验中,培养65 d时,秸秆腐解率达70.8%,高于对照15.1%。因此,从原位秸秆还田土壤中筛选出来的草酸青霉对玉米有较强的腐解能力。     

一株降解结晶纤维素细菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及其产纤维素酶特性

从广西5个自然保护区内采集原始森林深层腐殖土壤等样品147份,采用平板活性筛选法分离得到3500多株能降解结晶纤维素的细菌,并从中筛选到一株能在pH5.0、28℃条件下可高效降解结晶纤维素的细菌菌株N9-1-1.N9-1-1产纤维素酶水解微晶纤维素和纸浆的最适pH、最适温度分别为:4.0、40 ℃和4.5、35 ℃,但对羧甲基纤维素无水解活性.该菌株所产纤维素酶比较符合纤维素同步糖化共发酵工艺生产乙醇的要求.以菌株N9-1-1的总DNA为模板,对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增和序列分析,结果表明,菌株N9-1-1的16S rRNA基因序列和粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的同源性最高,为99%.形态特征观察和生理生化检测结果表明,菌株N9-1-1具有粘质沙雷氏菌的鉴别性特征.因此,将N9-1-1鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens).     

交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质研究

对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究,结果表明：交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊冻融稳定性好,透明度高,热稳定性好,抗生物降解及抗老化能力强,蔗糖使交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度略有提高,pH值、剪切力、氯化钠对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度影响较大。     

Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The C₉ formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C₉H_8.95O_3.53(OCH₃)_1.00, C₉H_8.12O_4.03(OCH₃)_1.65, C₉H_8.10O_4.65(OCH₃)_1.32, C₉H_8.58O_3.74(OCH₃)_1.23 and C₉H_8.31O_3.54(OCH₃)_1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C₉ formula. The β-O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I_β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.     

天然纤维素基降解塑料地膜的现状与发展趋势

普通塑料地膜给我国农业生产带来了一系列社会和环保问题。为防止"白色革命"演变成为"白色灾害",提出了采用价廉、质广和量多的废弃天然纤维素资源为原料,大力开发一种环境友好型、使用性能优良、成本低廉和透光性能优异的纤维素基,可完全降解地膜,是今后我国地膜覆盖栽培技术可持续发展的关键所在。为此,进一步阐述了天然纤维素基可降解塑料地膜的现实意义和国内外发展现状及存在的主要问题;并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的工艺研究

优选并确立纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的最佳工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,采取正交试验,以山药多糖含量为指标,对影响多糖提取的4个因素(酶用量、温度、时间和pH值)进行优化研究。结果显示,提取温度是影响山药多糖提取率最重要的因素,其次是酶用量和pH值,在实验范围内,酶提取时间对实验结果的影响较小。纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的最佳参数为:酶用量为0.2%,提取温度为55℃,提取时间为3h,pH值为7.0。     

Effects of storage on the physico-chemical properties of corn tortillas prepared with glycerol and salt

Corn tortillas have a short shelf life due to increased firmness and microbial spoilage. Commercial corn tortillas use carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to delay staling; however this gum is expensive when compared to the rest of the tortilla ingredients. Glycerol has been added to bread and wheat tortillas to increase pliability and salt has been shown to mask the flavor of glycerol in corn tortillas. The possibility to reduce staling in corn tortillas by adding glycerol/salt as an alternative to CMC was investigated by monitoring changes in physico-chemical properties during 2 weeks of storage at 25 °C. Molecular and macroscopic changes were followed using thermal and mechanical analysis. During storage an increase in amylopectin recrystallization was observed in all samples. The “freezable” water content of all tortillas decreased over the first 3–5 days of storage with an increase after 7 days, while moisture content and water activity remained constant. Glycerol/salt tortillas exhibited a sharper transition region in the DMA temperature scan suggesting a more homogenous sample. CMC tortillas were significantly stiffer than glycerol tortillas after 14 days of storage. Glycerol/salt combinations may offer at least a partial replacement for CMC since it helped control the stiffness, water homogeneity and distribution during storage.