N—脱氢枞基—N,N—二羟乙基季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂合成及性质研究

以脱氢枞胺为基础，合成了三种Ｎ－脱氢枞基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二羟乙基季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂。对产品结构进行了ＵＶ，ＩＲ，ＮＭＲ及元素分析鉴定，测定了产品的表面物理性质，并对产品的抗菌，缓蚀性能进行了应用研究。     

歧化松香胺西佛碱对联苯胺黄G的性能改进

联苯胺黄Ｇ（Ｃ．Ｉ．颜料黄１２）为黄色有机颜料中最重要的代表性品种，通过歧化松香胺衍生的西佛碱的共偶合可对其着色力、透明度、吸油量等颜色性能予以显著的改进。改性晶型、颗粒状况借Ｘ－射线衍射、电镜照相与标准和了对比。     

贵州省黑皮鸡枞蛛网病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性分析和防控药剂筛选

为明确贵州省黑皮鸡枞蛛网病病原菌的分类地位、生物学特性及其有效防控药剂,分别从贵州省黄平县、贞丰县和剑河县采集典型发病黑皮鸡枞样品,并对其致病菌进行分离,通过致病性测定、形态学鉴定和多基因（ITS、TEF-1α、RPB1、RPB2）序列分析对疑似病原菌进行鉴定,并对其主要生物学特性进行测定,采用菌丝生长速率法分析22种药剂对病原菌的抑制效果。结果显示,通过柯赫氏法则验证分离物2020010406为黑皮鸡枞蛛网病病原菌,并结合形态学特征和多基因系统发育分析结果将其鉴定为Cladobotryum asterophorum;该病原菌菌丝体生长的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为6,可溶性淀粉和酵母粉分别为其最适碳、氮源;在供试10种化学药剂中,丙环唑、咪鲜胺锰盐和三唑酮的抑菌效果较好,EC₅₀分别为0.816、3.974和4.604 μg/mL;供试12种生物源药剂中,丁子香酚和蛇床子素的抑菌效果最为突出,EC₅₀分别为0.000 2 μg/mL和0.006 μg/mL,表明生物源药剂对黑皮鸡枞蛛网病的防控效果好,且毒性低,具有较好的应用潜力。     

柑橘提取物对肥育猪后肠食糜蛋白质代谢产物的影响

【目的】通过研究柑橘提取物对肥育猪后肠食糜蛋白质代谢产物的影响,旨在为柑橘提取物从源头调控臭气的产生提供依据。【方法】选取108头56日龄（19.73±0.39）kg杜×长×大猪,公母各半,随机分为3组,每组分6栏,每栏6头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加75 g/t金霉素,柑橘提取物组在基础饲粮中添加柑橘提取物（56~112日龄添加250 mL/t柑橘提取物,113~194日龄添加200 mL/t柑橘提取物）。194日龄时收集肥育猪盲肠和结肠食糜,测定食糜中游离氨基酸、酚和吲哚类物质、生物胺的含量。【结果】①在盲肠食糜中,与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组和抗生素组牛磺酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、吲哚和甲胺含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,柑橘提取物有降低苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、瓜氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸和粪臭素含量的趋势（0.05≤P＜0.10）,苯酚、腐胺、酪胺和精胺含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。与抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组腐胺和酪胺含量均显著减少（P＜0.05）。②在结肠食糜中,与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组和抗生素组天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、异亮氨酸、胱硫醚、亮氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、总氨基酸、苯酚、对甲酚、粪臭素和甲胺含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）,脯氨酸和吲哚含量均有降低的趋势（0.05≤P＜0.10）。柑橘提取物组丝氨酸、异亮氨酸、胱硫醚、亮氨酸、总氨基酸和对甲酚含量均显著低于抗生素组（P＜0.05）;与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组苏氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、鸟氨酸和酪胺含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）,亚精胺含量有降低的趋势（0.05≤P＜0.10）;与对照组和抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和赖氨酸含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】柑橘提取物降低了肥育猪后肠食糜蛋白质代谢产物的含量,可减少臭气的产生。     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体生态化学计量学及酶活性的影响

草地灌丛化是影响土壤有机碳库储量的驱动因子之一。本研究以川西高寒灌丛化和未灌丛化草地为对象,分析团聚体内有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和β-D葡萄糖苷酶活性及生态化学计量比特征。结果表明：1）有机碳、全氮和全磷主要富集在0.053~0.25 mm团聚体内,灌丛化降低了团聚体内生源物质含量。2）灌丛化后团聚体内C/N、C/P和N/P均呈增加趋势,且C/N最大值出现在>2 mm团聚体中,而C/P和N/P的最大值均出现在0.053~0.25 mm团聚体中,最小值分别出现在<0.002 mm和0.002~0.053 mm团聚体中（P>0.05）。3）灌丛化草地和未灌丛化草地土壤酶活性呈>0.25 mm团聚体内富集,灌丛化后土壤各粒径团聚体中蔗糖酶活性增加、而蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性降低。4）脲酶和β-D葡萄糖苷酶在灌丛化草地和未灌丛化草地中均与土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈正相关关系,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶与全钾含量呈正相关关系,蛋白酶和磷酸酶与全磷含量呈正相关关系。该区域土壤生源物质主要固存于大团聚体内,而大团聚体易被外界干扰破碎,可见灌丛化现象不利于该研究区有机碳的长期固存。     

A contemporary overview of silicon availability in agricultural soils

Our current understanding of silicon (Si) availability in agricultural soils is reviewed and knowledge gaps are highlighted. Silicon is a beneficial rather than essential plant nutrient and yield responses to its application have been frequently demonstrated in Si‐accumulator crops such as rice and sugarcane. These crops are typically grown on highly weathered (desilicated) soils where soil solution Si concentrations are low. Increased yields are the result of simultaneous increases in plant tolerance to a wide range of biotic (plant pathogens, insect pests) and abiotic (water shortage, excess salts, metal toxicities) stresses. Traditionally, soil solution Si is viewed as being supplied by dissolution of primary and secondary minerals and buffered by adsorption/desorption of silicate onto Al and Fe hydrous oxide surfaces. In recent years it has become recognized that phytogenic cycling of Si [uptake of Si by plants, formation of phytogenic silica (SiO₂ · nH₂O) mainly in leaves and subsequent return of this silica to soils in plant litter] is the main determinant of soil solution Si concentrations in natural forests and grasslands. Considerable diminution of the phytogenic Si pool in agricultural soils is likely due to regular removal of Si in harvested products. A range of extractants (unbuffered salts, acetate‐based solutions, and acids) can provide valuable information on the Si status of soils and the likelihood of a yield response in rice and sugarcane. The most common Si fertilizers used are industrial byproducts (e.g., blast furnace slag, steel slag, ferromanganous slag, Ca slag). Since agriculture promotes soil desilication and Si is presently being promoted as a broad spectrum plant prophylactic, the future use of Si in agriculture is likely to increase. Aspects that require future research include the role of specific adsorption of silicate onto hydrous oxides, the significance of phytogenic Si in agricultural soils, the extent of loss of phytogenic Si due to crop harvest, the role of hydroxyaluminosilicate formation in fertilized soils, and the effect of soil pH on Si availability.     

冷藏和冰藏条件下鲫鱼生物胺及相关品质变化的研究

研究鲫鱼在冷藏(4C)和冰藏(0℃)条件下的品质变化规律.将鲜活鲫鱼击毙后去鳞、去鳃、去内脏并洗净沥干,分别贮藏在4℃和0C冰箱中,测定其感官分值、鲜度指标K、挥发性盐基氮的质量分数w(TVB-N)、细菌总数、生物胺等指标,分析其变化规律.结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,K值、w(TVB-N)、细菌总数呈现明显上升趋势,并且冰藏时各指标的变化速率小于冷藏.冷藏第6天K值达到61.77％,超出了可供一般食用和加工的范围,而冰藏第6天的K值仅为34.21％;在贮藏的前6天内冷藏与冰藏的w(TVB-N)无明显差别(P＞0.05),在整个贮藏过程中,w(TVB-N)始终未超过20 mg/100g;冷藏第10天细菌总数的对数值(lg[细菌总数/(CFU/g)])已达7.42,而冰藏第10天只有5.54.色胺和腐胺随贮藏时间变化明显,可作为鲫鱼品质评价的参考指标.冷藏鲫鱼感官接受极限为8d,冰藏为10 d.综合各指标变化,冰藏较冷藏能够有效延长鲫鱼的贮藏期.     

Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Tuna Döner Kebab During Marination,Cooking, and Different Storage Conditions

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to investigate the use of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in ready-to-eat döner kebab production and determine the effects of marination, cooking, and storage conditions (4 and ?18°C) on physicochemical and microbiological properties of döner kebab. The raw tuna meat and raw, cooked, and stored döner kebab samples were subjected to moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH, cholesterol, biogenic amines, lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile, microbiological, and sensory analysis. The major fatty acids in tuna döner kebab were palmitic, stearic, oleic, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids; unsaturated fatty acids were higher than saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Low biogenic amine and cholesterol contents were determined in döner kebab. While cooking affected the proximate composition, microbial load, and the levels of histamine and tyramine (p < 0.05), marination did not have any significant effect. The study results indicated that using tuna meat in döner kebab production could be an alternative approach to provide new seafood products without posing any acceptability problems in terms of quality factors.     

草鱼冷藏过程鱼肉品质与生物胺的变化及热处理对生物胺的影响

文章研究了草鱼（Ctenpharyngodon idellus）冷藏过程鱼肉品质与生物胺的变化及热处理对生物胺的影响.将经过前处理的草鱼鱼片于4℃条件下贮藏,对其感官品质、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、菌落总数、汁液流失率以及生物胺等指标进行测定,另外经过85℃、15 min的热处理后对草鱼鱼片的生物胺进行测定,探求其变化规律及草鱼的生物胺与其品质指标的相关性.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,草鱼的汁液流失率、TVB-N、菌落总数均呈现明显的上升趋势,与感官分值的变化趋势相符,草鱼的感官接受极限为9d.草鱼鱼片在冷藏加工过程中变化最显著的生物胺是腐胺和尸胺,第15天腐胺的质量分数达到（17.12±4.40） mg·kg^-1,尸胺的质量分数达到（237.47 ±3.96） mg·kg^-1,且腐胺和尸胺与其他评价指标有着较好的相关性.经热处理后,腐胺、尸胺、组胺、精胺的质量分数有所下降,但与未经热处理的鱼片没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）,故85℃、15 min的热处理对于草鱼中生物胺的破坏作用不明显,难以有效地去除生物胺.     

氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺在鲤体内的残留

在水温(18±1)℃下,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法研究了氟苯尼考及其主要代谢物氟苯尼考胺在体质量(100±10)g鲤(Cyprinus carpio)体内的代谢及残留规律,以制定休药期。实验鱼间隔24h按15 mg.kg-1体质量的剂量口灌给药,连续给药3次,在给药后0.5h、1 h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h、2d、3d、5d、7d、10d、15d、20d检测肌肉、皮肤内氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的含量。结果表明:氟苯尼考在鲤体内的代谢速度快,2~4 h出现峰值;肌肉中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留浓度高于皮肤,肌肉和皮肤中氟苯尼考的含量均高于氟苯尼考胺,皮肤中的代谢速度较快。按欧盟标准相应的休药期不少于2d,按日本标准则不少于10 d。