The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

Dinitrogen and N2O emissions in arable soils: Effect of tillage, N source and soil moisture

A laboratory investigation was performed to compare the fluxes of dinitrogen (N₂), N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) soils under the same water, mineral nitrogen and temperature status. Intact soil cores (0-10 cm) were incubated for 2 weeks at 25 °C at either 75% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS) with ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizers (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil). Gas and soil samples were collected at 1-4 day intervals during the incubation period. The N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were measured by a gas chromatography (GC) system while total N₂ and N₂O losses and their ¹⁵N mole fractions in the soil mineral N pool were determined by a mass spectrometer. The daily accumulative fluxes of N₂ and N₂O were significantly affected by tillage, N source and soil moisture. We observed higher (P<0.05) fluxes of N₂+N₂O, N₂O and CO₂ from the NT soils than from the CT soils. Compared with the addition of nitrate (NO₃⁻), the addition of ammonium (NH₄⁺) enhanced the emissions of these N and C gases in the CT and NT soils, but the effect of NH₄⁺ on the N₂ and/or N₂O fluxes was evident only at 60% WFPS, indicating that nitrification and subsequent denitrification contributed largely to the gaseous N losses and N₂O emission under the lower moisture condition. Total and fertilizer-induced emissions of N₂ and/or N₂O were higher (P<0.05) at 75% WFPS than with 60% WFPS, while CO₂ fluxes were not influenced by the two moisture levels. These laboratory results indicate that there is greater potential for N₂O loss from NT soils than CT soils. Avoiding wet soil conditions (>60% WFPS) and applying a NO₃⁻ form of N fertilizer would reduce potential N₂O emissions from arable soils.     

不同菌渣肥施用量对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为筛选适宜的菌渣肥配方,减轻农业副产物对环境的危害,提高农业生产的可持续性,以不施菌渣肥为对照(CK-JZ0),探讨了菌渣、牛粪不同体积配比的菌渣肥(JZA(纯菌渣)、JZB(菌渣/牛粪=0.5)、JZC(菌渣/牛粪=1)、JZD(菌渣/牛粪=2)在3 000(JZ1)、6 000(JZ2)、9 000(JZ3)kg/hm23个施用量水平上对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,采用菌渣和牛粪配合施用时,在施用量较低(3 000 kg/hm2)或两者配比不适宜(JZD)时对产量有抑制作用,在适宜的施用量(6 000 kg/hm2、9 000 kg/hm2)和适宜的配比(JZA、JZB、JZC)下才表现出较为明显的增产效果。与CK-JZ0相比,当菌渣和牛粪配合施用量为6 000 kg/hm2时,JZB处理对小麦株高、总干物质量、穗粒数以及JZA处理对小麦的穗粒数有连续稳定的促进作用,JZA处理平均较CK-JZ0增产4.7%;当菌渣和牛粪配合施用量为9 000 kg/hm2时,JZA、JZB、JZC处理对株高、穗长、穗粒数以及JZD处理对穗粒数有持续稳定的促进作用,其中JZB、JZC处理表现出稳定的增产效果,平均分别较CKJZ0增产6.7%、15.9%。     

施肥处理对大肉丝瓜产量和肥料利用的影响

为了更好地了解肥料在大肉丝瓜上的应用效果,在江门进行了不同氮磷钾肥料和有机肥试验.结果表明,氮肥对大肉丝瓜产量和生物量的影响最大,增加有机肥,可以提高前期产量和总产量,肥料的农学效率、偏生产力和利用率在低水平表现较好.通过回归分析,获得肥料效应方程,求得最佳施肥量,大肉丝瓜要获得高产和高效,江门地区推荐每667 m2商品有机肥最佳施肥量为250 kg,氮磷钾最佳施肥量为N 23kg、P2O511 kg、K2O 17 kg.     

油菜底施硼肥及其后效的研究

田间试验和定位试验结果表明，在土壤有效硼含量≤０．３３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１的缺硼土壤上栽培油菜，底施硼肥较叶面喷硼的增产效果好，一般亩施硼砂０．４—０．５ｋｇ能满足油菜丰产对硼的需要，但需年年施硼．油菜底施硼肥可节省人工，投资少，增产显著．     

复合微生物拮抗菌剂的研制及其在大棚甜瓜生产中的应用

从甜瓜大棚土壤中筛选出菌株FP2,它可有效抑制甜瓜白粉病病原菌、甜瓜枯萎病病原菌、甜瓜疫病病原菌和甜瓜霜霉病病原菌的生长,通过形态学、生理生化和分子生物学研究,FP2被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。为增强该菌株的拮抗能力,用He-Ne激光诱变FP2,得到拮抗活性强且传代最稳定的突变株FP27和FP29,经发酵后将其按1∶1的比例制备成复合接抗菌剂。将复合拮抗菌剂和实验室前期生产的生化黄腐酸菌肥进行复配,首次研发出大棚甜瓜专用的生化黄腐酸复合微生物菌肥。将该菌肥应用于大棚甜瓜的生物防治,结果表明,该菌肥可有效防治大棚甜瓜各类病害的发生,甜瓜长势良好,含糖量高,具有显著的社会效益和经济效益。     

连续分期配施有机肥对棉花超高产及土壤肥力的影响

1997～ 1 999年定位施肥试验表明 ,在施N量为 592 5～ 60 0 0kg·hm- 2 (N∶P2 O3∶K2 O =1∶0 5∶0 6) ,有机肥N、P2 O5、K2 O分别占 1 0 0 %～ 1 2 4%、 50 3 %～ 51 0 %和 50 0 %的条件下 ,随着分期配施有机肥年限的增加 ,棉花果节数、结铃数、结铃率和皮棉产量均得到明显的提高 ,铃重和衣分也略有增加 ,土壤肥力也得了改善和提高。创棉花 2 2 50kg·hm- 2 高产 ,要求连续分期配施有机肥 2年以上 ,棉花六成铃区成铃比例皆在 1 0 %以上。     

稻田春玉米氮、磷、钾配方施肥数学模型的初步研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素旋转组合设计,通过计算机模拟寻优,建立了稻田春玉米--杂交晚稻种植制度中玉米产量--施肥量,玉米生产利润--施肥量数学模型:分析了氮(X₁)、磷(X₂)、钾(X₃)的主效应及交互效应与产量的关系,它们对产量的影响为氮＞钾＞磷.筛选出玉米产量≥8250kg/hm²的最优方案为:N394.96～401.25kg/hm²、P₂O₅116.99～121.8kg/hm²、K₂O 232.29～237.06kg/hm²,其比例为N∶P₂O₅K₂O=3.4∶1∶2.并筛选出玉米利润≥6800元/hm²的最优方案为:N380.60～385.55kg/hm²,P₂O₅104.73～108.03kg/hm²、K₂O222.20～225.12kg/hm².其比例为N∶P₂O₅K₂O=3.6∶1∶2.1。     

不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量及抗倒伏性的影响

水稻倒伏常发生于籽粒灌浆中后期,是高产、稳产、优质生产的主要限制因素之一。试验选用寒地超级稻品种松粳9号,研究不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量性状及茎秆抗倒特性的影响,为寒地水稻超高产抗倒栽培技术的建立提供理论依据。结果表明,施氮量为90 kg·hm-2时,增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重,但施氮量为135 kg·hm-2时,减少生育前期氮肥施用量,而提高生育后期氮肥施用量更有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重;在同等施氮量条件下,增加生育前期氮肥施用量可极显著增加第1和第2节间长度,并降低茎秆抗折力,尤其是施氮量高时这种影响更大;增加氮肥施用量时,相应增加钾肥施用量和减少生育前期氮肥施用量将有利于提高茎秆抗倒特性;增加生育后期氮肥施用量明显提高茎秆全氮含量,而增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于促进水稻植株钾的吸收和积累,提高茎秆钾含量;茎秆氮含量与节间长度呈显著或极显著正相关,与抗折力呈负相关;茎秆钾含量与节间长度呈显著负相关,与抗折力呈极显著正相关。