棉花花铃期的管理措施

花铃期是棉花营养生长与生殖生长并盛期 ,既要保证营养器官有一定的长势 ,又要满足生殖器官的养分供应 ,争取多结桃、少脱落 ,是此阶段田间管理的要点。1重施花铃肥花铃期是棉花一生中需肥量最大的时期 ,约占需氮总量的 60 %。可在初花期施标准氮肥 1 5 0～2 2 5 kg·hm-2 ,至开花结铃期再施 2 2 5 kg。对长势较弱的棉田 ,还应补施盖顶肥 ,一般施标准氮肥 75～ 1 5 0 kg。对土壤速效磷含量不足 1 0 g· kg-1的棉田 ,于开花结铃期喷施 1 %～ 2 %的过磷酸钙浸出液 ,或 30 0～ 5 0 0倍的磷酸二氢钾溶液 ,对保蕾保铃有较好的效果。生育后期易发…     

棉花增施健桥牌有机肥对其产量和效益的影响

为了检验江苏省南通市金桥生物肥料有限公司生产的健桥牌有机肥在棉花上的效果.2012年和2013年连续两年通过应用配方化肥与该有机肥不同用量配施作棉花的基肥试验,比较棉花产量和效益.结果显示,在施配方氮磷钾化肥折N、P2 O5、K2O用量分别为281.25、72.00、126.00kg/hm2下,再增施健桥牌有机肥9000～10000 kg/hm2获得的棉花产量和效益最佳,增施有机肥有利于增加现蕾和结铃.     

海涂棉花施肥量、化控量和群体大小三因素最优回归分析

浙江省近年来在海涂棉区推广棉花“矮、密、早、调”栽培模式,为了筛选群体大小与施肥量等的最佳组3合,以便达到节工省本高产稳产的目的。 在1997年密变、氮肥用量、助壮素用量三因素旋转回归试验的基础上,1998年进行了总果枝数、三要素用量和助壮素用量三因素最优回归试验。选得的最佳组合为施肥量是纯 N165～180kg·hm-2,P2O582．5～90kg·hm-2．K2O165～180kg·hm-2为宜;25%助壮素用量180m1·hm-2左右;单株留果枝9个,每公顷总果枝81万。     

模糊数学在棉花有机肥分期配施评判中的应用

以 1 998 - 1 999年有机肥分期配施创棉花2 2 5 0 kg· hm-2 高产试验为例 ,应用模糊概率法 ,综合评判了铃数、铃重、衣分、子指、衣指及子棉经济系数等 6个产量性状对棉花成铃时空分布的影响 ,明确了有机肥分别作基肥和花铃肥平均施用为创棉花高产的最佳施肥方式     

棉花施用钾肥的增产效应研究

钾素是棉花需求的三大营养元素之一。一直认为碳酸盐石灰性土壤缺氮少磷富钾。但随着长期施用氮肥、增施磷肥 ,钾肥已成为限制棉花产量提高的主要因素之一。1材料和方法1 .1试验设计。试验于 1 998～ 2 0 0 1年在山西省永济市卿头镇、蒲州镇、开张镇、栲栳镇进行。在每公顷普施氮肥 ( N) 1 5 0 kg、磷肥 ( P2 O) 1 5 0 kg基础上 ,设置钾肥 ( K2 O kg· hm-2 )试验处理为 :1 0 .0 0 (对照 ) ;2 37.5 ;375 .0 ;41 1 2 .5 ;5 1 5 0 .0。钾肥和磷肥作基肥一次施入 ,氮肥三分之一作基肥 ,三分之二追施。试验小区面积 0 .75 hm2 ,重复三次 ,随机…     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦施肥现状与评价

为了解宁夏引黄灌区春小麦养分资源管理中存在的问题,于2011-2013年采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了该灌区5个县市328个种植户的春小麦施肥和产量情况。结果表明,春小麦平均产量的年际间变幅不大,3年平均产量为4 578kg·hm-2。春小麦产量偏低的农户比例最高,3年平均达46.7%,产量适中的农户平均占23.7%,处于适中以下的农户比例在50%以上。3年春小麦的纯N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为357.0、182.7、33.4kg·hm-2。平均86.4%的春小麦种植户氮肥投入过量,44.6%的磷肥施用过量,83.3%的钾肥投入严重不足,肥料养分投入与产量水平分布并不同步。养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅;重氮肥,轻钾肥。化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别占养分总投入量的96.6%、98.0%和79.0%。氮肥运筹以基肥和追肥为主,基追比大致为6∶4;磷肥以基肥和种肥为主,钾肥几乎全部通过基肥施入。春小麦每投入1kg纯N、P2O5、K2O养分,平均分别可生产14.8、30.0和154.7kg籽粒,肥料生产力总体趋势为K2OP2O5N。因此,建议宁夏引黄灌区春小麦采用有机无机肥料配施、氮肥后移(60%追肥)的原则,并注意减氮、控磷、补钾,有机肥以30t·hm-2为宜,化肥N、P2O5、K2O投入分别不超过225、180、60kg·hm-2。     

氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

为给小麦高产、高效、无污染及可持续生产提供合理的氮肥运筹技术和理论依据, 以烟农19为材料,在大田条件下,研究了不同施氮量和基追比例对土壤小麦系统氮素积累及分配的影响。结果表明,施氮可提高0~100 cm土体内的全氮含量。在小麦越冬前, 0~40 cm土层中NO3-N含量随氮肥用量和基肥比例的增加显著增加;起身期到拔节期,施氮量为180和240 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶5∶2处理的0~40 cm土层内NO3-N含量下降,而施氮量为240 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥为7∶3和5∶5的处理及施氮量为300 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥为7∶3的处理则显著增加;拔节期到成熟期,随施氮量的增加,0~60 cm土层速效氮增加幅度有所提高。孕穗肥可明显提高灌浆期的植株全氮含量。因此,在240 kg·hm-2 施氮水平、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶5∶2条件下,施氮既能减少土壤硝态氮累积量,又能有效降低土壤硝态氮污染地下水的可能性。     

高海拔地区马铃薯高产中的钾肥效应研究

在贵州高海拔地区织金县采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术 ,马铃薯产量为14 91t/hm2 ,超过当地平均产量 1 5倍 ,钾肥配施可增产马铃薯 1 0～ 2 5t/hm2 ,增幅 8 0 6 %～2 0 6 3% ,施钾产投比可达 2 0～ 3 5。施钾肥后马铃薯薯块重量增加 19 2 % ,增产以增加薯块为主 ,马铃薯品质有较大改善 ,试验认为 ,高产高效施肥的N∶K2 O比为 10 0∶95～ 14 0为宜 ,即施氮 (N)10 5kg/hm2 ,施钾 (K2 O) 10 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 为宜。施磷量应根据土壤中缺肥情况进行调整。     

栗钙土施肥土壤有机碳特性与平衡调控研究

有机无机肥配施明显改善了栗钙土土壤有机 C特性 ,土壤总有机 C、易氧化 C、重组 C、有机 C复合量增大 ,提高了土壤有机 C活性 ,松、稳和紧结态 C含量增加 ,且以紧、松结态 C为主 ,同砂质栗钙土相比 ,壤质草甸栗钙土呈现紧结态 C向稳结态 C转化趋势。不同有机物料在砂质栗钙土和壤质草甸栗钙土上腐殖化系数分别变化于 0 .2 5～ 0 .68和 0 .4 1～ 0 .72之间 ,矿化率则分别变化于 2 .86%～ 4 .53%和 1 .1 0 %～ 3.77%之间。维持高水平土壤有机 C平衡的有机物料临界施用量砂质栗钙土需秸秆类肥 1 1 2 56.5kg· hm-2或畜粪肥1 0 953.4 kg·hm-2或农家肥 32 1 76.5kg· hm-2 ,而壤质草甸栗钙土则需秸秆类肥 7379.2 kg· hm-2或畜粪肥681 4 .0 kg·hm-2或农家肥 1 4 1 58.1 kg· hm-2。     

湖北省油菜施肥现状调查

对湖北省20个油菜主产县(市)的356个农户2007/2008年度油菜施肥状况进行了调查。结果显示,所有种植油菜的田块均施用了化肥;施用有机肥的比例仅为19.8%。全省油菜氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)肥平均施用量分别为171.9、61.7和50.3kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O的比例为1∶0.36∶0.29,其中化肥提供的N、P2O5和K2O分别占总投肥量的96.1%、92.1%和80.3%。施肥量分级结果表明,农户普遍重视氮肥的施用,施氮(N)量120 kg.hm-2的田块比例为64.3%;磷、钾肥施用不足,施磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)量45kg.hm-2的比例分别为35.4%和48.9%。油菜施肥次数以两次(基肥+1次追肥)的比例最高,占56.0%;78.3%的氮肥用作基肥施用。调查结果表明,湖北省油菜种植中的施肥问题主要有:(1)养分不平衡,磷、钾肥用量偏低,尤其钾肥用量明显不足;(2)有机肥施用比例、施用量偏低,秸秆还田率低;(3)氮肥用量不足及过量的现象均有存在;(4)施肥次数与油菜生长及养分吸收规律不匹配,前期氮肥用量比例过高。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.