1994-2014年连云港市赣榆区生态变化评估

利用遥感生态指数(RSEI)进行区域生态变化评估,可以及时、快速地获取水土流失区生态环境变化状况.以赣榆为研究区,采用1994年的Landsat TM 5影像和2014年的Landsat 8OLI影像,评估指标选择可以反映生态质量条件的绿度、湿度、热度及干度4个生态因子,运用主成分分析方法集成上述指标,分析研究区域20 a间生态状况时空变化.结果表明:研究期间,赣榆区RSEI从1994年的0.577上升到2014年的0.639,增幅为10.75％;生态为优良等级所占的面积比例从1994年的42.7％上升到2014年的50.41％,增幅为18.06％,主要发生在西北部丘陵山区.通过对赣榆区的调查分析,以植树造林为主的小流域综合治理措施对生态质量的改善起到了重要作用.     

液相色谱串级质谱同时测定木制品中3种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

为建立有效的阻燃剂的使用规范和为监管制度提供理论依据,本文建立了微波辅助萃取,液相色谱串级质谱法同时测定木制品中3种有机磷阻燃剂分析方法,并考察了萃取溶剂、萃取条件、流动相对试验结果的影响。结果表明,以丙酮为萃取溶剂,70℃微波辅助萃取30 min,利用多反应检测MRM模式,TCEP、TDCP在线性范围0.02～1.0 mg/kg,TCPP在线性范围0.002～0.2 mg/kg内质量浓度与响应值呈现良好的线性关系,定量下限分别为27、50、8μg/kg,加标回收率82.7%～98.3%,相对标准偏差1.8%～10.8%。该方法操作简单,提取效果较好,能够有效的检测木制品中三种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂。     

A Robertsonian translocation from Thinopyrum bessarabicum into bread wheat confers high iron and zinc contents

Development of wheat–alien translocation lines has facilitated practical utilization of alien species in wheat improvement. The production of a compensating Triticum aestivum–Thinopyrum bessarabicum whole‐arm Robertsonian translocation (RobT) involving chromosomes 6D of wheat and 6E^b of Th. bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, E^bE^b) through the mechanism of centric breakage–fusion is reported here. An F₂ population was derived from plants double‐monosomic for chromosome 6D and 6E^b from crosses between a DS6E^b(6D) substitution line and bread wheat cultivar ‘Roushan’ (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) as female parent. Eighty F₂ genotypes (L1–L80) were screened for chromosome composition. Three PCR‐based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) markers specific to chromosomes 6D and 6E^b were used for screening the F₂ plants. One plant with a T6E^bS.6DL centric fusion (RobT) was identified. A homozygous translocation line with full fertility was recovered among F₃ families and verified with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Grain micronutrient analysis showed that the DS6E^b(6D) substitution line and T6E^bS.6DL stock have higher Fe and Zn contents than the recipient wheat cultivar ‘Roushan’.     

Overlooked impacts and challenges of the new European discard ban

Discards are the portion of animal and plant material in the catch that is dumped back at sea. The Common Fisheries Policy plan proposed by the European Commission for 2014–2020 presents a controversial goal: to enforce the landing of fishing discards as a measure to encourage their reduction. This historical and political decision will shape the future of the fishing exploitation in European Seas. Discards generated by European fleets are not negligible, and its reduction is an ecological, socioeconomical and moral imperative. However, it must be achieved through the reduction in discards at source and the promotion of selective and non‐destructive gears. We argue it is doubtful that this discard ban will result in an effective reduction of discards. The proposed measure may, in fact, negatively affect ecosystems at all levels of biological hierarchy by disregarding the Ecosystem‐Based Approach to Fisheries and the Precautionary Principle. It could negatively impact several species by increasing fishing mortality, also commercial species if discards are not accounted in the total allowable catch. Communities preying on discards will likely be affected. The role discards currently play in the energy turnover of current ecosystems will be modified and should be fully evaluated. The landing of discards will likely generate new markets of fishmeal due to the growing demands for marine living resources. The ban will require substantial public investment to deal with technical problems on board and to control and enforce. Therefore, this measure should be only implemented after rigorous scientific and technical studies have been developed.     

Should I fight or should I flight? How studying insect aggression can help integrated pest management

Aggression plays a key role all across the animal kingdom, as it allows the acquisition and/or defence of limited resources (food, mates and territories) in a huge number of species. A large part of our knowledge on aggressive behaviour has been developed on insects of economic importance. How can this knowledge be exploited to enhance integrated pest management? Here, I highlight how knowledge on intraspecific aggression can help IPM both in terms of insect pests (with a focus on the enhancement of the sterile insect technique) and in terms of biological control agents (with a focus on mass‐rearing optimisation). Then, I examine what implications for IPM can be outlined from knowledge about interspecific aggressive behaviour. Besides predator–pest aggressive interactions predicted by classic biological control, I focus on what IPM can learn from (i) interspecific aggression among pest species (with special reference to competitive displacement), (ii) defensive behaviour exhibited by prey against predaceous insects and (iii) conflicts among predaceous arthropods sharing the same trophic niche (with special reference to learning/sensitisation practices and artificial manipulation of chemically mediated interactions). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同土层测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

2011-2012和2012-2013年连续2个小麦生长季,在大田条件下,设置0~20 cm (D1)、0~40 cm (D2)、0~60 cm (D3)和0~140 cm (D4) 4个土层测定土壤含水量,以各土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节期65%和开花期70%为目标相对含水量,全生育期不灌溉为对照处理 (D0),研究依据不同土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明：D2的开花期叶面积指数和单位土地面积上旗叶叶面积、开花后7 d和14 d的旗叶净光合速率和实际光化学效率均高于其他处理,而气孔限制值低于其他处理;D2的成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质向籽粒的分配量和开花后同化物分配对籽粒的贡献率亦高于其他处理。两年度D2的籽粒产量分别为9367.4 kg hm^-2和9727.5 kg hm^-2,均显著高于其他处理;同时,D2的水分利用效率高于D0、D3和D4处理,与D1处理无显著差异。因此,于小麦拔节期和开花期依据0~40 cm土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌是同步实现高产和高水分利用效率的有效措施。     

Analysis of korarima (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aframomum corrorima</Emphasis> (Braun) P.C.M. Jansen) indigenous production practices and farm based biodiversity in southern Ethiopia

Korarima (Aframomum corrorima (Braun) P.C.M. Jansen) production is declining mainly due to destruction of the plant’s natural habitat. A survey was conducted in the three major korarima growing administrative zones, Gamo Gofa, Debub Omo and Kaffa in southern Ethiopia to assess indigenous production practices, wealth status, farm based biodiversity and household characteristics using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and semi-structured questionnaires. The wealth is unevenly distributed among households and not significantly different for korarima growers and non-korarima growers. Farmers acknowledged that shortage of shade trees; low yield and lack of improved varieties had contributed to decrease in production area (PA). A total of three distinct named korarima landraces were recorded, with a range from one to three on individual farms implying low farm based biodiversity. More households grew enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) in Gamo Gofa and Kaffa while maize (Zea mays L.) was grown by nearly all households in Debub Omo. Only a few households grew korarima. Most of the household characteristics significantly affected the PA of korarima. The correlation coefficients indicated that the relationship of household characteristics were significant. Findings of this study suggest that the maintenance of shade trees on the main farm field is the main requirement for korarima production.     

Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and high‐resolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer‐based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil‐depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil‐pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high‐resolution data of substrate distribution.     

Phosphorus speciation of forest‐soil organic surface layers using P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy

The phosphorus (P) speciation of organic surface layers from two adjacent German forest soils with different degree of water‐logging (Stagnosol, Rheic Histosol) was analyzed by P K‐edge XANES and subsequent Linear Combination Fitting. In both soils, ≈ 70% of the P was inorganic phosphate and ≈ 30% organic phosphate; reduced P forms such as phosphonate were absent. The increased degree of water‐logging in the Histosol compared to the Stagnosol did not affect P speciation.     

Trawl fishing impacts on the status of seabed fauna in diverse regions of the globe

Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large‐scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos‐group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.