Recurrent selection for maysin, a compound in maize silks, antibiotic to earworm

A thorough knowledge of the inheritance of maysin, a flavone glycoside with antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie, in the silks of maize will assist breeders in choosing the most efficient method of incorporating this trait into elite inbreds. Two breeding populations, one having exotic origin (EPM), the other from southern inbred lines (SIM) were subjected to six cycles of recurrent selection for increased silk maysin. Ten per cent of the individuals evaluated in populations were selected for recombination as S₁ progenies in each cycle. Progress was evaluated as C0 to C6 population cycles in a randomized complete‐block experiment with five replications in 1997 and 1998. Maysin fresh weights in silks of the C0 populations were 0.54% for EPM and 0.36% for SIM. Responses of 0.19% per cycle in EPM and 0.22% per cycle in SIM resulted in an EPM (C6) population with 1.76% maysin and an SIM (C6) population with 1.69% maysin. Silk maysin concentrations above 0.2% begin to substantially reduce larval growth and prevent completion of the life cycle when husk coverage is sufficient to force the insect to feed on silks while entering the ear. Chlorogenic acid and two analogues of maysin, apimaysin and 3′‐methoxymaysin, were found in such minor quantities in silks that they could not be credited with any impact on antibiotic activity against the insect. Selection has effectively increased silk maysin concentration in both EPM and SIM. Trait responses for maysin are highly heritable and will allow the plant breeder to introgress resistance to the corn earworm into elite material easily.     

种植密度对棉花分离世代产量性状表现及育种选择的影响

通过裂区设计对Ｆ２代４个群体在三种密度下表现进行了研究，子棉产量、皮棉产量在不同密度、不同群体间存在显著差异；Ｆ２代群体与密度间存在互作，不同群体要求的适宜密度不同。Ｆ２代群体间单株结铃数差异显著，单株结铃数在不同密度差异显著，随密度增加单株结铃数减少，但小区总结铃数呈增加趋势；密度与群体间存在互作，密度的大小对４个Ｆ２群体的单株结铃数影响程度不同。Ｆ２代４个群体间衣分差异显著，但单铃重、衣分在不同密度下差异不显著，且互作不显著。种植密度对不同群体的育种选择具有较大影响。     

参与式植物育种与可持续利用生物多样性--以广西玉米为例

遗传多样性是植物育种的基础,但“遗传侵蚀”现象十分严重。以长期技术供给为主要任务而形成的自上而下的农业研究和推广与需求相脱节,它在新的农村经济社会条件下已不适应。通过对广西玉米育种机构研究人员、科研管理人员及县、乡(镇)、村有关指导农业生产的管理干部和技术员进行访谈,对玉米种植的社区农户进行了深入的调查。运用系统科学的方法对广西玉米遗传多样性降低的影响因素进行分析得出结论和对策,同时通过《玉米种质遗传多样性与农民参与式育种研究》项目在广西实施为案例,进行调查和分析,以促进新的研究理念的形成。     

精量播种条件下冬小麦的高产优质初探

为了研究冬小麦在小播量条件下的产量和品质表现，2001～2003年在北京安排了两个年度的秋播试验。参试品种有DS1号、临抗1号、冀麦30、鲁麦21和京411，京411是对照品种，播种量是22．5kg／hm^2。2001-2002年度，参试品种中临抗1号的最高产量达到6652．5kg／hm^2；2002-2003年度中，京411、鲁麦21、临抗1号、DS1号、冀麦30的平均产量分别达到8537．6，7403．7，7353．75，6836．25，6169．8kg／hm^2，品种的品质也较好。试验中，这些品种有正常的生育表现，较强的分蘖能力，旺盛的生理活动。在产量结构中，这些品种的单株穗数较多。     

陆地棉亚红株突变的质量遗传规律研究

分析了陆地棉亚红株突变体的淡红叶性状与当日红花性状的质量遗传规律,结果显示,淡红叶性状是受一对不完全显性基因控制的质量性状。连锁分析表明:淡红叶性状与当日红花性状完全连锁,是受同一对显性基因控制的质量性状;淡红叶与棕絮性状符合两对性状完全独立分离规律,不存在连锁遗传关系。等位性测定显示,淡红叶性状与经典红叶性状杂交后代,符合两对显性基因控制的独立分离理论比例,表明控制亚红株突变的基因与控制经典红叶的R1基因不在同一基因位点。根据以上试验结果,推定陆地棉亚红株突变是一个新的质量突变性状,暂将它的基因符号定为RS。     

化学药剂诱导植物抗病性研究进展

诱导抗病性（Induced resistance）是指利用生物或物理、化学因子处理植物,改变植物对病原的反应,从而使其获得局部或系统的抗性。本文综述了近年来水杨酸、寡糖、聚糖及BTH等几种主要化学诱导剂在诱导植物抗病性中的应用。     

Implications of the number of years assessment on recommendation of common bean cultivars

In the common bean crop in Brazil, the requirement of the value for cultivation and use trials is that these experiments must be conducted over two years in three locations per region. Information in regard to the necessary number of years to ensure precision in cultivar recommendation and the influence of evaluated years in the estimation of the GE interaction are still scarce. Using grain yield of five check varieties assessed over 11 years in three sowing seasons per year, the aims of this study are as follows: to measure the relative contribution of the GE interaction, evaluating the implication of the number of years in the estimates of the GE interaction, and infer how many years are needed to ensure precision in cultivar recommendation. For instances, analysis of variance was carried out involving all environments and also combinations of years. The results showed that the GE interaction was greater than all other cross‐effects involving lines. The use of at least two years allows good coincidence in cultivar recommendation compared to the whole period. Increasing the evaluation time is a good strategy, especially when it is difficult to grow three different sowing seasons.     

低值水产品及水产副产品的加工与综合利用

低值水产品及其副产品通常经过简单加工后被作为饲料利用或直接作为废物丢弃,不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成对环境的污染。研究表明,利用高新技术,可以把低值水产品或水产品下脚料加工成功能性鱼油制品、新型鱼糜制品、海鲜调味品和营养丰富的水解鱼蛋白饲料等高附加值的产品,以及骨糊、硫酸软骨素和骨胶等功能性添加剂。这些产品的研究开发为低值水产品及副产品的加工利用提供了新的途径。     

紧凑型玉米株型及生理特性研究

紧凑型玉米各叶片长度在茎杆上的空间分布呈近似纺锤型,叶角度较平展型小,叶向值也大,其受光姿态优于平展型.紧凑型米玉对CO_2同化强度、根系吸收强度比平展型大;硝酸还原酶活性比平展型高.紧凑型玉米具有体内氮素代谢旺盛,后期不早衰,籽粒灌浆快,粒重高,单株生产力大和适宜密植等优点.选育和推广高光效紧凑型玉米杂交种是今后玉米高产的主要途径.     

Germination of Salicornia bigelovii Ecotypes under Stressing Conditions of Temperature and Salinity and Ameliorative Effects of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria

Salinity is a major stress condition. Salicornia bigelovii is a valuable edible halophyte, considered to be a promising resource for cultivation in arid coastal zones. Its productivity depends on the supplementary provision of nitrogen, for which an option is chemical fertilization. Nevertheless, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers contributes to the problem of increased salinity. The inoculation of plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB) represents an alternative. Seed ecotypes from four coastal areas [Santa Rosa Chica, Santa Rosa Grande, Santa Cruz and Cerro Prieto (CP), Sonora, México] were collected, in order to inoculate them with two species of PGPB (Azospirillum halopraeferens and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Two germination tests were carried out to study the effect of salinity, temperature regime (night/day) and inoculation with PGPB on germination (percentage and rate), plant height, root length and biomass produced (fresh and dry matter). In the first test, all four ecotypes were considered, whereas in the second test only the CP ecotype was involved because it was found to be the outstanding ecotype in the previous test. Results showed inhibition of germination when salinity was higher in all ecotypes except CP. The CP ecotype showed a decrease of seed germination with an increase in NaCl concentrations at all temperatures tested. However, when it was inoculated with both PGPB, the germination percentage was influenced.