模拟池塘中锶-89的迁移和积累动力学

采用放射性同位素示踪技术研究了核污染关键核素之一——~(89)Sr在水生生态系中的动力学行为。当示踪剂~(89)Sr一次性引入水系后,即向系统内的动植物及底泥迁移,从而使系统各组分中~(89)Sr-Sr的量均随时间变化。结果表明:1.在试验期间,池水中~(89)Sr-Sr的含量随时间减少,6d后由原来的1.76 ppm降至1.01ppm,11d后已不到原来的一半,第35d时只及原始量的30％。2.池水中的~(89)Sr-Sr向系统各组分中的迁移速率和数量因组分的性质而异。比如底泥,1d后由原始的0增加到7.07 ppm,11d后趋向平衡,以后几乎不再增加;~(89)Sr-Sr在鱼和螺蛳体内的含量在试验期间均随时间增加,35d时分别由原始的0增加到18.73ppm和48.28ppm;在处理当天,金鱼藻中~(89)Sr-Sr虽增加较快,由原始的0增至6.68 ppm,但4h后却几乎不再增加。3.水生动植物对放射性锶都有一定的浓集作用,最大的浓集系数分别为:螺蛳94.7,鱼36.7,金鱼藻只有12.6。可见,贝壳类动物对水系中的放射性锶有较强的去污能力。     

温室池水环境与罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症爆发的关系

为阐明温室池水环境对罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症发生的影响，对5年监测所得的发病池的95个水样和无病池的78个水样的水环境因子值进行了统计分析。结果表明，虽然发病池和无病池的水温平均值和pH平均值差异均不显著(p＞0.05)，但在18～27 ℃范围内，发病池出现的百分率随水温升高而增加；发病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为2.85±1.45、2.48±0.99、0.067±0.048、0.361±0.233、39.56±20.31 mg/L；无病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为3.41±1.39、0.94±0.76、0.025±0.025、0.105±0.066、20.62±9.73 mg/L。发病池的溶解氧平均值显著低于无病池(p＜0.05)，发病池的总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别极显著高于无病池(p＜0.01)。根据发病池和无病池出现的百分率随各环境因子变化的趋势可以得出结论：高水温、低溶解氧、高氨氮、高分子氨氮、高亚硝酸盐氮和高有机物化学耗氧量的池水更容易诱发凡隆气单胞菌温和生物型引起的罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症。     

漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果研究

利用软隔离小区试验研究了凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)、黄花水龙(Jussiaen repens L.)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)、水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.)和四角菱(Trapaquadrispinosa Roxb.)5种不同漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果,研究结果表明,经过100天植物处理,5种飘浮植物对水体中总氮的去除率为黄花水龙(63)%>凤眼莲(57%)>水鳖(46%)>四角菱(42%)>空心莲子草(34%),对总磷的去除率为凤眼莲(52%)>黄花水龙(50%)>水鳖(45%)>四角菱(31%)>空心莲子草(22%),其中凤眼莲、黄花水龙处理围区的水质净化效果最好,水体中总氮和总磷的去除率也最高,这与植物自身吸收同化污染水体中氮素、磷素的能力大小及植物根系微生物的作用都有关。凤眼莲、黄花水龙在提高水体透明度方面表现最佳,试验围区在处理40天后水质透明度即可达到1 m以上,而空心莲子草、水鳖和四角菱的试验围区则需要处理60天以后透明度才能达到1 m以上。5种漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体都有较好的净化效果,且易于成活,容易管理,可在今后的水质净化中推广应用。     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.     

滨海养殖水体中浮床栽培植物的生长特征

[目的]研究浮床栽培海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)及水雍菜(Ipomoea aquatica)在不同氮磷浓度养殖水体中的生长特征.[方法]分别在有或无人工添加营养盐的低盐度滨海养殖水体中浮床栽培海马齿及水雍菜并监测其生长指标与抗逆性指标.[结果]浮床栽培的水雍菜在前15 d生长迅速,但在15 d后其受到病虫害等的影响生长减慢并逐渐死亡;海马齿生长速度较慢,但生长周期长,在60d的试验期内持续稳定生长,高浓度营养盐明显促进海马齿的生长速度;浮床栽培导致水雍菜叶片内丙二醛和脯氨酸积累显著,而海马齿在试验期间叶片内无明显的丙二醛和脯氨酸积累.[结论]海马齿在养殖水体净化中具有很好的应用价值,水雍菜亦可用于养殖水体的短期净化.     

Effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater model ecosystems: the influence of experimental conditions on ecotoxicological thresholds

Three experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (single applications of 0.01 to 10 microg AI litre(-1)) in plankton-dominated nutrient-rich microcosms. The microcosms (water volume approximately 14 litres) were established in the laboratory under temperature, light regimes and nutrient levels that simulated cool 'temperate' and warm 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. The fate of chlorpyrifos in the water column was monitored and the effects on zooplankton, phytoplankton and community metabolism were followed for 4 or 5 weeks. The mean half-life (t1/2) of chlorpyrifos in the water of the test systems was 45 h under 'temperate' conditions and about 30 h under 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. Microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepod nauplii) were amongst the most sensitive organisms. All three experiments yielded community NOEC (no observed effect concentrations) of 0.1 microg AI litre(-1), similar to those derived from more complex outdoor studies. Above this threshold level, responses and effect chains, and time spans for recovery, differed between the experiments. For example, algal blooms as an indirect effect from the impact of exposure on grazing organisms were only observed under the 'Mediterranean' experimental conditions. The relatively simple indoor test system seems to be sufficient to provide estimates of safe threshold levels for the acute insecticidal effects of low-persistence compounds such as chlorpyrifos. The robustness of the community NOEC indicates that this threshold level is likely to be representative for many freshwater systems.     

Linking geomorphic character,behaviour and condition to fluvial biodiversity: implications for river management

• 1. The River Styles^® framework is a geomorphic approach to the classification of river types, assessment of the physical condition of rivers, and planning of physical rehabilitation. However, the linkages between River Styles and aquatic biodiversity conservation are still only weakly developed.
• 2. In this study, 41 sites in the Bega River basin in New South Wales, Australia, were classified according to River Style and geomorphic condition, and surveyed for four biological assemblages: diatoms, aquatic and semi‐aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish.
• 3. Each assemblage differed significantly among River Styles. However, in the case of diatoms and fish, these differences could be accounted for by geographic clustering of sites in the same River Style, and a tendency for River Styles to occupy particular altitudinal zones and sizes of streams. This result was attributed to the overriding influences of water quality on diatoms and of altitude‐related variation in water temperature and distance from the ocean on fish. For macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, geomorphic river type appeared to exert a direct influence, probably via variation in physical habitat characteristics.
• 4. Geomorphic condition, judged as good, moderate or poor by reference to the inferred natural condition of each River Style, was also significantly associated with differences in biological assemblages other than fish. Twice as many taxa appeared to favour sites in good geomorphic condition as favoured sites in poor condition. Many of the taxa associated with sites in poor condition are alien taxa introduced to Australia since European settlement.
• 5. These findings imply that protection of reaches that are in good geomorphic condition is likely to be critical for the maintenance of indigenous biodiversity, and that rehabilitation of geomorphic condition can assist in the rehabilitation of native riverine biota.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欧盟针对农药对水生生物的初级风险评价——生物富集因子

随着农药在全世界范围内的广泛使用,对于农药等植物保护产品进行水生生物风险评价成为必然。欧盟在水生生物风险评估方面具有丰富经验。本文就欧盟植物保护产品风险评估体系初级风险评估中的生物富集风险的基本概念、理论和流程进行介绍,以期为中国建立起健全的农药环境风险评价体系提供参考。     

解析园林绿化中的水生花卉品种及栽培管理

近年来,我国经济在飞速发展的同时,其也带动了我国园林也的发展。在这样的情况之下,水生的观赏花卉也得到了十分广泛的应用。因此加强对水生花卉品种以及栽培管理措施的研究愈显重要。     

水产养殖对水域环境的影响及治理措

近几年来,我国水产养殖业迅速发展。水产养殖业的迅速发展,带来了一系列的水域污染问题,因此,必须采取强有力的措施治理水域污染,减少水产养殖对水域环境的负影响。