核桃无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究

以40%～70%饱和度硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAESepharoseiCL-6B、SephadexG-100、羟基磷灰石、PhenylSepharoseCL-4B和制备电泳分离纯化了小麦的尿卟啉原合酶(UROS)。酶的亚基分子质量为54ku,全酶分子质量为66ku,酶的等电点6.3,在pH8.2时比活为257μmol/(mg·min),最适反应温度40℃,5mmol/L的巯基乙醇和Mg2+促进酶活,纯化的小麦UROS在-20℃下0.1mol/L,pH8.5的Tris-HCl,内含质量分数为50%的甘油,5mmol/L的巯基乙醇和MgCl2中贮藏7d酶活损失90%。     

龙须草无融合生殖现象研究：Ⅰ.胚囊的起源和发育

采用常规石蜡切片法结合子房整体透明法,在光学水平上对龙须草Ｅｕｌａｌｉｏｐｓｉｓ ｂｉｎａｔａ（Ｒｅｔｚ）Ｃ．Ｅ．Ｈｕｂｂａｒｄ作了细胞胚胎学研究。结果表明,龙须草生殖方式为无融合生殖的体细胞无孢子生殖。胚珠中没有大孢子母细胞的发生和发育,其无孢子生殖胚囊原始细胞是由胚珠深处的珠心细胞分化而来的。胚囊原始细胞多产生于珠心表皮下５－７层处的珠心细胞,数目在３－８个之间。未见单胚囊现象。通常由靠近珠孔     

Breeding systems in Coix lacryma-jobi populations

Summary Six populations of Coix lacryma-jobi with distinct characters were studied to evaluate the presence of autonomous apomixis and pseudogamy, and to determine its implications and effects in the calculations of the rate of breeding. For this reason, two types of genetic markers were used-morphological markers and isozymatic markers.The results show that autonomous apomixis does not seem to occur in these populations. Further experiments are necessary to prove the presence of pseudogamy in one of the populations. The rate of natural outcrossing in the grain types Rosario, Rosadlay and I-47 fluctuated around 35.9% using estimates based on isozymatic markers. The rate of natural outcrossing was 37.4% in the Adlay population using morphological markers. A population composed of tall individuals, named Tailândia, which has a greater vegetative mass and fewer grains, presented a high level of natural outcrossing at 72.8%. This information is important for many reasons, such as: 1) guiding sampling strategies of genetic material, 2) in the organization and upkeep of germplasm banks, and 3) for plant breeding programs.     

Variation of agronomic characters among and between guayule lines

Summary A selected group of 42 guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) lines were evaluated on the basis of various morphological characteristics and compared to a total population of 234 lines. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of variation that existed both within and among guayule lines over a 2-year period. The parental lines all reproduced apomictically, and as expected, many lines exhibited a high degree of uniformity for every measured character. However, many other lines were extremely variable for varying numbers of characters. This appears to be due to varying degrees and combinations of apomeiosis, thus establishing a long-term source of genetic variation. The high amount of variability existing among and within these guayule lines indicates that significant progress by selection for both rubber percentage and yield is feasible.     

Evidence of sexuality in induced tetraploids of Brachiaria brizantha (Poaceae)

Difficulties in obtaining new breeding lines of Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb., an important forage grass in Brazil, are mostly related to differences in ploidy among the accessions, and to apomixis, an asexual mode of reproduction. Usually, sexual accessions are diploid while apomicts are polyploid. Induced tetraploids of Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf have been successfully obtained and this paper presents the results of a study of their reproductive modes and fertility. Despite frequent meiotic aberrations during microspore development, the induced tetraploids produced viable pollen and produced progeny after controlled self-pollination. Similarly to the original diploid sexual progenitor, embryo sacs of the Polygonum type with confirmed meiotic origin were present in the induced tetraploids suggesting chromosome doubling did not alter the reproductive mode. The embryo sac of the Polygonum type was also observed in progenies obtained after self and open pollination. Nevertheless, embryo sacs of the Polygonum and the Panicum types within the same ovule were observed in some progenies obtained after open pollination, probably having resulted from hybridization with tetraploid, apomictic plants. Indeed, the compatibility of the progeny with tetraploid, apomictic B. brizantha was confirmed by the formation of mature caryopses after controlled pollination. Evidence is presented that the induced tetraploids and their progeny are sexual plants and that they are compatible with natural tetraploid B. brizantha. The induced tetraploids will be useful for analyses of apomictic inheritance as well as in the development of sexual tetraploid lines in Brachiaria breeding programs.     

Identification of citrus hybrids through the combination of leaf apex morphology and SSR markers

Citrus breeding programs normally face several biological obstacles such as apomixis and polyembryony that result in a cumbersome identification of hybrid seedlings. The main purpose of this work is to describe the combined use of visual selection based on the leaf apex morphology and SSR analysis to differentiate hybrid from nucellar seedlings derived from the cross between the ‘Murcott’ tangor [Citrus reticulata Blanco × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] and ‘Pêra’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis(L.) Osb.]. A new morphological variable named leaf apex morphometric index is also described as the quantitative basis of the visual selection. The efficiency of visual selection of hybrids was tested under two growth conditions, seedlings germinated in seedbeds and in plastic tubes. Putative hybrid seedlings were also confirmed through the analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSR). The visual selection of hybrid seedlings resulted in an increase of 87.2% (p < 0.01) and 202.2% (p <0.001) in the number of correctly identified hybrids when compared to the method of random picking of seedlings in seedbeds and plastic tubes,respectively. The results indicate that the combination of visual selection and SSR analysis for the identification of hybrids derived from the cross of polyembryonic citrus cultivars will improve the accuracy of the selection,save time, and reduce the costs involved in the use of molecular markers alone in citrus breeding programs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New efforts to overcome apomixis in Poa pratensis L.

Summary By means of a new method, plants of Poa pratensis can be classified rapidly and reliably as to whether they are capable or incapable of parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis was found to be under strong genetic control, dominant over obligatory fertilization. The selected sexual plants lack all genes/alleles responsible for parthenogenesis, while the polyploid apomictic varieties investigated were heterozygous with one or more dominant alleles. Also dosage effects and/or modifying genes are probably involved. Crosses of sexual individuals with various apomictic varieties resulted in sexual as well as highly apomictic F₁ hyrids. A scheme of recurrent hybridization for breeding of Kentucky bluegrass is proposed.Two other experimental ways to overcome apomixis in Poa pratensis were studied in addition. By application of growth regulators temporary sexuality could not be induced. Attempts of in vitro regeneration of plants from endosperm resulted only in callus and root formation.     

变叶海棠(Malus toringoides(Rehd.)Hughes)无孢子生殖的胚胎学观察

用 Ehrlichs苏木精整体染色石腊切片法观察了苹果属变叶海棠( Malustoringodes ( Rehd.) Hughes)无融合生殖的胚胎学过程 ,发现其无融合生殖方式是体细胞无孢子生殖 ;大孢子母细胞早期或在行减数分裂前后发生退化 ,从大孢子母细胞到成熟胚囊期珠心体细胞均可特异化发育为无孢子生殖胚囊 ;无孢子胚囊发育极不规则 ,通常单个发生或两个以上发生而形成复合胚囊 ,复合胚囊通常只有 1个发育分化为未减数 8核胚囊 ,有的中途相互融合而退化     

甘肃野生草地早熟禾内源激素含量的变化与无融合生殖率的关系研究

为探究甘肃野生草地早熟禾无融合生殖率与内源激素之间的关系,以8个不同无融合生殖率的甘肃野生草地早熟禾种质为试验材料,采集不同发育时期的新鲜小穗样品,测定玉米素(ZT)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉素(GA₃)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量,并分析了内源激素含量与无融合生殖发生的关系。结果表明:ZT和ZR在小穗发育初期呈现出下降趋势,在抽穗后2 d最低,之后ZT逐渐上升而ZR在开花期达到峰值后又开始下降,GA₃和IAA均表现出先增加后下降的趋势,但GA₃在抽穗后2 d达到峰值,IAA则是在开花期含量最高;研究发现,在小穗发育初期,无融合生殖率较低的材料(甘南、清水、肃南和兰州)ABA激素水平无显著变化,相反无融合生殖率较高的材料(陇西、秦州、定西和陇南)的ABA含量均呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,所有材料开花期至乳熟期均出现猛增,之后又急剧下降。相关性分析结果表明:无融合生殖率与ZT、ZR、ABA、(ZT+ZR)/IAA和(ZT+ZR)/ABA呈显著正相关,与GA₃、IAA/ABA和GA₃/ABA呈显著负相关,与IAA无显著相关性。因此,高ZT、ZR和低ABA含量、高(ZT+ZR)/IAA和(ZT+ZR)/ABA比值更可能促进胚珠向无融合生殖途径发育,高GA₃含量可能促进胚珠向有性生殖途径发育。     

缘管浒苔的单性生殖

发现缘管浒苔生活史中，配子体进行单性生殖有两种方式：一种是配子体放散的配子不经结合，固着后直接发育成新个体，完成单性生殖；另一种是配子体配子囊中最后一个或几个配子不放散直接在原藻体上发育成新个体。放散出去的配子进行单性生殖时，第一次分裂分别产生顶端细胞和基部细胞，其发育呈顶基极性。两个细胞分别成为叶片和假根的祖细胞。末放散的配子在原藻体上进行单性生殖发育成叶状体，形成的新个体可聚生成簇。后一种单性生殖发育方式为首次报道。