RAPD analysis of interspecific relationships in presumably apomictic Cotoneaster species

A few of the approximately 300 Cotoneaster species described are diploid but the majority appear to be polyploid. The occurrence of apomixis inpolyploid Cotoneaster species has been reported but never proven with genetic markers. We have used 76 polymorphic RAPD markers to investigate the breeding system and phenetic grouping of some critical taxa, including a total of 19 plant accessions representing 13 mostly European species in the series Cotoneaster. Three to four individual plants, raised from seed from the same original plant, were analyzed for each of three accessions to investigate the possible occurrence of apomictic seed set. Absolutely congruent RAPD profiles were encountered among seedlings from one accession, whereas we found one or two marker differences among seedlings from the other two accessions. Genetic similarities among the different accessions were analyzed with a UPGMA-derived dendrogram. The most deviant taxon was the Chinese C. albokermesinus. A group withC. soczavianus and C. tomentosus was rather isolated from the remainder, as was also C. kullensis. Among the remaining taxa, two well supported clusters were found: (1) C. antoninae and C. uralensis, and (2) C. integerrimus and C. raboutensis, whereas the other five species (C. canescens, C. niger, C. scandinavicus, C. juranus, C. cambricus) formed a poorly supported cluster with no clear substructuring. A principal coordinate analysis yielded results that were in good correspondence with the dendrogram. Again C. albokermesinus appears to be totally isolated from the other species. In addition, two well-defined and rather isolated groups were found: (1) C. tomentosus and C. soczavianus, and (2) C. antoninae and C. uralensis, with the remainder comprising a loosely defined group. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

变叶海棠（M．toringoides（Rehd．）Hughes）无融合生殖胚胎发育的特征与结果

对３ｘ变叶海棠（Ｍ．ｔｏｒｉｎｇｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｒｅｈｄ．）Ｈ．）无融合生殖作了胚胎学观察。其无融合生殖方式是体细胞无孢子生殖，胚胎发育具胚囊的复合性、起源空间多位性、发生时间的持续性与滞后性。花粉败育、无融合生殖的结果大多种子败育或早期退化。     

Feulgen-DNA densitometry of embryo sacs permits discrimination between sexual and apomictic plants in Paspalum simplex

The chromosomes of sexual diploid plants of Paspalum simplex were colchicine-doubled and the plant obtained were crossed with their aposporous natural tetraploid counterparts to generate a F1 population segregating for apomixis. Analysis of the DNA content during megagametogenesis indicated that although the nuclei of nucellus and developing embryo sacs were in both the G1 and G2 phases, polar nuclei and egg cells of mature embryo sacs tended to remain in the G1 phase. Because both meiotic and aposporous mature embryo sacs are of the 8-nucleated-type in P. simplex and are barely distinguishable, nuclear DNA content of polar nuclei was used to distinguish apomictic and sexual phenotypes and confirmation obtained by progeny testing. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

苹果属植物种内和种间无融合生殖能力研究

】根据去雄套袋的座果率,用方差分析法研究了苹果属７个无融合生殖种类的种内和种间差异。结果表明,种间只有小金海棠与湖北海棠、三叶海棠和丽江山定子的差异极显著。在湖北海棠的４个类型中,南坪湖北海棠、盐源湖北海棠和平邑甜茶与丽江山定子差异显著,其余种间差异均不显著。湖北海棠不同倍性和来源的４个类型间无显著差异。     

蒲公英无融合生殖特性初探

以丹东蒲公英为研究材料,利用常规压片法对去雄切柱头和在自然授粉条件下的种子根尖染色体进行观察,同时采用石蜡切片法观察丹东蒲公英胚珠发育情况。结果表明:丹东蒲公英为二倍体,人工去雄切柱头后的丹东蒲公英子房切片中可以观察到二分体的形成,一个退化,另一个经有丝分裂形成八核胚囊,卵细胞逐步发育为成熟胚,表明丹东蒲公英无融合生殖类型为二倍体孢子生殖。此外,丹东蒲公英去雄切柱头后的结籽率高达90.34%,发芽率为84%。     

双胚亚麻（Linum usitatissmum L．）利用的研究

本试验对亚麻双胚实生苗进行了详细的观察，同时进行了亚麻染色体加倍技术的深化研究，确定了现蕾期用0．05％秋水仙碱24小时处理单倍体亚麻苗的最佳时期，并获得了多份加倍材料。本文阐述了双胚亚麻无融合生殖的意义和在育种中的利用价值。     

水稻中多苗发生频率的探讨

 对5942份国内外稻种资源进行了一籽多苗现象的观察。发芽试验表明，水稻群体发生多苗的品种频率为1.36%，品种内出现多苗个体的频率为0～3%。     

韭菜全长转录组SSR信息分析及分子标记开发

利用MISA软件筛选韭菜（Allium tuberosum）全长转录组测序获得的49 876条（大于500 bp）转录本序列（89.44 Mb），共检测出13 111个SSR位点，分布在10 332条转录本中，SSR出现频率为26.29%，平均分布距离为6.82 kb。在搜索的6种SSR位点类型中，1 ~ 3个核苷酸重复类型占主要地位，占总SSR位点数的98.74%，其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复类型分别为66.55%、12.52%、19.67%。发现重复序列的基序有103个，其中二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复类型中出现频率高的基序有AC/GT（2.54%）、CA/TG（2.29%）、GAA/TTC（1.85%）和AAG/CTT（1.60%）。重复序列的长度在10 ~ 289 bp之间，其中小于20 bp的有11 128个（84.88%），大于20 bp的有1 983个（15.12%）。根据这些SSR位点，共设计出3 311对SSR引物，在随机选取的208对引物中有164对（78.85%）能进行有效扩增，其中39对引物在24份韭菜种质资源中表现出多态性。利用多态性引物SSR41，鉴定出‘马蔺韭’ב791’后代中的6株有性生殖后代。以上结果表明，基于韭菜全长转录组测序开发的SSR标记可以为韭菜的遗传多样性分析、种质资源鉴定和有性生殖后代筛选提供充足可靠的标记来源。     

核桃无融合生殖诱导及鉴定研究进展

从核桃无融合生殖诱导、鉴定及发展趋势等方面总结前人研究所取得的重要进展;通过隔离法、药剂诱导法、花粉蒙导法及离体诱导法等方面的核桃无融合生殖诱导研究进展,分析了利用无融合生殖育种技术进行核桃新品种培育的可行性,提出了核桃无融合生殖技术的发展方向。