动物性药物残留对人体的危害及控制措施

动物性药物残留是目前国内外普遍关注的公共卫生问题，其对人类健康危害严重，对畜牧业生产影响巨大。文章就药物残留的危害、原因、现状、控制措施加以论述。     

沼气发酵残留物对苹果品质的影响

通过田间设置小区试验,研究分析了沼肥对果树产量、产值,苹果品质的影响。结果表明,应用沼肥进行根施和叶面喷施,具有促进果树生长发育,提高产量,改善果实营养品质,提高商品率,增加产值,减少农药、化肥的支出,降低了面源污染,改善了环境质量。沼肥:化肥=1:1的肥料配比效果最好,其中(1)施户用沼肥的苹果总产量增加6.61%,每公顷增收7626元,每公顷节支2100元,苹果的还原糖、维生素C、糖酸比的含量分别比CK高5.9%、67.6%、16.0%,达到显著水平;(2)施工程沼肥的苹果总产量增加6.80%,每公顷增收6268.5元,每公顷节支2100元,苹果的还原糖、维生素C、糖酸比的含量分别比CK高1.5%、3.1%、2.2%;(3)施工程沼肥与施户用沼肥的苹果品质差异较大。     

秸秆饲料尿素处理效应的研究

本试验系统地研究了不同处理方法对秸秆饲料干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、半纤维素、纤维素及木质素消失率的影响.结果表明,碱和尿素,可以明显作用于秸秆的各组分,5%氢氧化钠23℃处理7天、5%尿素27℃处理28天,能显著提高纤维素、半纤维素及木质素在瘤胃中的消失率,是提高秸秆营养价值的有效方法.     

Phytotoxic Interference of Ageratum conyzoides with Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of Ageratum conyzoides, a weed of cultivated areas, to the growth and establishment of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The lengths of the radicle and coleoptile and the seedling dry weight of wheat were significantly reduced when wheat was grown in field soil previously infested with A. conyzoides, compared to control soil collected from an area devoid of this weed. Even extracts prepared from A. conyzoides soil were inhibitory, indicating the presence of some water‐soluble phytotoxins in the soil. To determine the possible contribution of the weed in releasing these phytotoxins, growth studies involving leaf residues and their extracts and amended soils (prepared by incorporating leaf residues and residue extracts) were also performed on wheat. With all treatments, an inhibitory effect of A. conyzoides was found, compared to respective controls. A significant amount of water‐soluble phytotoxins (the phenolics) was found to be present in the soil infested with A. conyzoides, leaf residues and the amended soils. The amount of phenolics correlated well with growth performance in the respective treatments. This study establishes the phytotoxicity of leaf residues of A. conyzoides to wheat through the release of phenolics into the soil, which may serve as possible tools in establishing its allelopathy.     

Phytotoxicity of Sunflower Residues against Some Summer Season Crops

The growth of four summer season crops, namely Cyamopsis tetragonoloba , Sorghum vulgare , Pennisetum americanum and Zea mays , in fields with or without residues of the preceding sunflower crop was poor. Crop density, weight of seed or grain and total yield were significantly lower in sunflower fields than in the control fields (i.e. those without previous sunflower crops). Growth in terms of plant height and biomass was drastically reduced after 60 days. The effect was more pronounced in the fields where sunflower residues were allowed to decompose than in those where residues were completely removed. The soil collected from sunflower fields (both with and without residues) was found to be rich in phenolics, which in a laboratory bioassay were found to be phytotoxic. The reduced growth and yield of crops can be attributed to the release of phytotoxic phenolics from decomposing sunflower residues.     

臭氧降解粮食中农药残留的试验

用15～20ppm浓度的臭氧处理拌有5种主要储粮用有机磷农药(甲基嘧啶磷、甲基毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、杀螟松和DDVP)的稻谷、小麦和玉米，结果表明：粮食中农药的残留量明显下降，降解速度最快可达每天12．3％。     

牛奶中抗生素残留检测方法的研究进展

介绍了牛奶中抗生素残留检测方法的研究进展,并论述了其检测原理。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

Nitrogen and sulphur management: challenges for organic sources in temperate agricultural systems

Abstract. A current global trend towards intensification or specialization of agricultural enterprises has been accompanied by increasing public awareness of associated environmental consequences. Air and water pollution from losses of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), are a major concern. Governments have initiated extensive regulatory frameworks, including various land use policies, in an attempt to control or reduce the losses. This paper presents an overview of critical input and loss processes affecting N and S for temperate climates, and provides some background to the discussion in subsequent papers evaluating specific farming systems. Management effects on potential gaseous and leaching losses, the lack of synchrony between supply of nutrients and plant demand, and options for optimizing the efficiency of N and S use are reviewed. Integration of inorganic and organic fertilizer inputs and the equitable re-distribution of nutrients from manure are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting a need for innovative research that is also targeted to practical approaches for reducing N and S losses, and improving the overall synchrony between supply and demand.     

A microcosm experiment to evaluate the influence of location and quality of plant residues on residue decomposition and genetic structure of soil microbial communities

The effects of location (soil surface vs. incorporated in soil) and nature of plant residues on degradation processes and indigenous microbial communities were studied by means of soil microcosms incubation in which the different soil zones influenced by decomposition i.e. residues, soil adjacent to residues (detritusphere) and distant soil unaffected by decomposition (bulk soil) were considered. Plant material decomposition, organic carbon assimilation by the soil microbial biomass and soil inorganic N dynamics were studied with ¹³C labelled wheat straw and young rye. The genetic structure of the community in each soil zone were compared between residue locations and type by applying B- and F-ARISA (for bacterial- and fungal-automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) directly to DNA extracts from these different zones at 50% decomposition of each residue. Both location and biochemical quality affected residue decomposition in soil: 21% of incorporated ¹³C wheat straw and 23% left at the soil surface remained undecomposed at the end of incubation, the corresponding values for ¹³C rye being 1% and 8%. Residue decomposition induced a gradient of microbial activity with more labelled C incorporated into the microbial biomass of the detritusphere. The sphere of influence of the decomposing residues on the dynamics of soluble organic C and inorganic N in the different soil zones showed particular patterns which were influenced by both residue location and quality. Residue degradation stimulated particular genetic structure of microbial community with a gradient from residue to bulk soil, and more pronounced spatial heterogeneity for fungal than for bacterial communities. The initial residue quality strongly affected the resulting spatial heterogeneity of bacteria, with a significance between-zone discrimination for rye but weak discrimination between the detritusphere and bulk soil, for wheat straw. Comparison of the different detrituspheres and residue zones (corresponding to different residue type and location), indicated that the genetic structure of the bacterial and fungal communities were specific to a residue type for detritusphere and to its location for residue, leading to conclude that the detritusphere and residue corresponded to distinct trophic and functional niches for microorganisms.