Selection of wheat based on economic returns per unit area

This study aimed to investigate a cultivar selection criterion based on income ha⁻¹ in common wheat. Regional yield trials with 20 entries were planted in Diyarbakır, Hazro and Ceylanpınar in southeast Anatolia in the 2004/2005 growing season. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed. Grain samples from each location were subjected to quality analyses, and then presented to randomly selected grain purchasers with the local commodity market for market price estimations. Entries 1, 9, 10, 7 and 6 were the top five ranking entries for grain yield, giving 5,320, 5,290, 5,280, 5,140 and 5,130 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. From the market price perspective, entries 17, 3, 7, 20 and 8 received the five highest marketing price offers with the values 239.0, 238.1, 237.1, 236.9 and 236.7 US$ tonne⁻¹, respectively. There was a US$ 10.94 tonne⁻¹ market price difference between entries with the highest and the lowest market price. The only quality analyses showing significant correlations with market price were Zeleny sedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hl⁻¹). From thev production income [= marketing price (US$ tonne⁻¹) × grain yield (kg ha⁻¹)] point of view, entries 9, 10, 1, 7 and 6 were ranked from 1st to 5th for production income ha⁻¹ with the values 1,241.0, 1,238.0, 1,219.9, 1,214.2 and 1,209.3 US$ ha⁻¹, respectively. All five high yielding entries were also high-income entries. A rank stability analysis further indicated that entry numbers 6, 7, 8, 4 and 1 stable for high production income ha⁻¹. A simulation study, based on allocation of additional premiums for high quality indicated that entries 9,1,10, 7, and 6 would be top ranking for high income ha⁻¹ if given an additional premium of as much as twice the standard deviations of market price for each entry (the highest premium limit; 20.24 US$ tonne⁻¹). The order for cultivar preference for high production income ha⁻¹ would change and would generate 1,321.94, 1,296.20, 1,281.11, 1,258.06 and 1,243.01 US$ ha⁻¹, respectively. It was concluded that the relatively quality conscious Şanlıurfa commodity market does not offer adequate premiums for the high quality grains. This results in farmer preference for high yielding lower quality cultivars. Even though quality cannot be neglected, and cultivar preference could change with additional premiums, breeders must give more attention to high production income ha⁻¹.     

The geography of the wages: Chinese cities 1989 and 1997

Improving national average income and reducing regional income inequality often serve as dual goals of economic development in a country. After over twenty years of economic reforms, China has been fairly successful in achieving the first goal, but failed in the second. This paper uses recent data with a sharper resolution to examine the variation of average wages across Chinese cities 1989–1997. Widening wage inequalities across cities are observed during the period. This research also seeks to explain the variation of wages between cities by factors such as agglomeration (density and city size), location advantages (distances from central cities and from the coastline), educational attainment, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy. Many of the factors are found to be important in explaining wage differences in Western countries but are yet to be tested in China. Some factors such as distance from the coast, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy are considered because of China’s unique social and economic systems.     

基于灰色系统理论的收益还原法在农用地估价中的应用

收益还原法是农用地估价中的常用方法，但是目前利用此法评估农用地地价时，采用实际纯收益代替预期纯收益而导致评估的地价不合理。该文系统地论证了利用灰色系统建模来预测农用地预期纯收益的可行性，并分析了整个建模过程。最后将模型应用到湖北省武穴市农用地估价中。结果表明，应用此模型预测的后验差比值为0.21，小误差频率为1，精度达到一级。利用预测得到的预期纯收益来评估农用地地价与传统方法相比更趋合理，具有实际的应用价值。     

农村教育对农民增收的作用分析

论述了我国农村教育的现状、重要性以及教育与经济收入的关系,并通过分析相关统计资料,说明了农民素质与农民人均纯收入密切相关,同时提出了加快农村人力资源开发,增加农村人力资本投资,提高农民的教育水平、科技素质及构建农村终身教育体系等农村教育发展的建议。     

1980～2005年广东农民持久收入与消费的协整分析

文章根据弗里德曼的持久收入理论，应用单位根检验、协整检验以及误差修正模型分析等一系列经济计量方法，对1980～2005年广东农民持久收入与消费支出的关系进行了研究．实证结果表明，广东农民的持久收入与消费支出关系密切；农民的消费支出强烈地依赖于其收入的增加；前期的收入支出节余对当期的消费支出影响很大．     

风险预期的农业投入-产出均衡及对收入稳定性的影响——基于Lyaponof稳定性定理

将不同类别农业风险按照时间分为产前、产中和产后风险;并纳入比较静态农业生产利润函数,定性分析农业投入和产出均衡变化;预期产中风险增加的情况下,比较分析理性生产者的最优与均衡投入-产出的变化和差异;构建动态农业收入函数,利用Lyaponof稳定性定理,分析讨论风险对农业收入稳定的作用机制及其影响因素。得到以下结论:预期产中风险增加时,生产曲线向下"跳跃",表示产量骤减;最优投入-产出规模比均衡状态相对减小,且收入稳定性的"紧约束"条件很难实现。     

完善县乡财政体制 实现农民减负增收

20世纪90年代以来,我国农民减负增收的困难主要源于现行财政分配体制不合理和乡镇政府财权、事权的不均衡。必须改革现行的财政分配制度,均衡基层政府事权与财权,精简机构,减轻农民负担。     

当前农村土地流转的问题与思考

土地流转最终是为了增加农民收入，实现土地规模经营。为此，首先，要稳定土地承包关系，维护承包方土地流转的主体地位，其次，要刺激土地需求，扩大土地供应量。这样，一方而，土地转入户的收入能明显增加;另一方面，大量的农民能离开土地，另辟新业。同时，也要求政府应树立农业保护观念，切实改善农业基础设施，为土地流转提供物质条件。     

新时期西部农民增收的对策思考

在新时期,认真分析西部农民收入状况以及增收制约因素,采取切实有效的措施,促进农民收入快速增长,对实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标具有十分重要的意义。通过对西部地区农民收入情况的比较,分析了阻碍西部地区农民持续增收的因素,并提出了农民持续增收的对策。     

我区农业增效、农民增收有效途径及措施探讨

简要分析了影响广西农业生产发展的主要因素,提出要实现我区农业增效、农民增收,必须依靠科研新成果、新技术来支撑,通过建立典型成果应用示范片(村)等加速新成果、新技术的推广应用;要因地制宜选准发展项目,突出优势产业;要建立健全农产品供求信息系统,并充分发挥现代传媒的作用,及时为农民发送、传播各种最新信息和生产技术,减少生产决策的盲目性,规避风险,促进增收。