西北灌区地下水矿化度变化及其对作物的影响

地下水矿化度的时空变化是影响地下水资源质量和作物生长的重要因素,尤其是对主要依靠抽取地下水用于灌溉的农业地区。该文以石羊河流域为例搜集了武威、昌宁、民勤共21个灌区1981－2003年间观测站点的地下水矿化度数据,选用反距离加权法（IDW）进行空间插值处理。并结合自然因素和人类活动的影响,分析其时空变化趋势,结果显示：流域内年平均矿化度（TDS）整体呈增加趋势,且从上游向下游逐渐增高,矿化度的年际波动也从上游向下游逐渐增大。该文还分析了矿化度变化对当地主要作物的安全生长影响,研究了当地两种典型作物春小麦和棉花的适合种植范围,得出：适合两种作物的种植面积略有缩小趋势。该研究表明在一些需要采用地下水进行灌溉的西北干旱灌区,应加强对地下水矿化度的监测与控制。     

近10 a黄河三角洲LUCC及其驱动因素分析

研究滨海脆弱生态区的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化过程,可以为区域土地资源的规划、开发和管理提供科学依据。该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析黄河三角洲区域1995－2004年间土地利用/土地覆被的时空变化特征,并对区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的驱动因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近10 a来黄河三角洲的土地利用/土地覆被类型发生了复杂变化;黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被动态受到自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,而人类活动是近10 a区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要驱动因子。尽管近年来黄河三角洲的开发取得了快速发展,但部分人类经济活动给区域土地资源及其生态环境的可持续发展带来巨大压力,甚至导致区域土地质量的进一步退化。     

黄河三角洲农业用地动态变化模拟与情景分析

为明确农业用地变化的动态特征和影响要素,预测不同情景下的农业用地的时空变化格局。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对黄河三角洲地区4期TM和ETM+影像进行解译判读,获取区域内1992－2005年间农业用地动态演化特征,并构建元胞自动机模型对2001年和2005年的农业用地格局进行模拟。2001年和2005年农业用地模拟的总体精度分别为82.90%和84.48%,Kappa系数分别为0.658和0.689。模拟结果表明元胞自动机模型能够较好地模拟研究区域内农业用地动态变化,为农业用地的演变模拟提供了一种适用的工具。利用元胞自动机模型对4种情景下（面积减少5%、增加5%、10%和15%）的农业用地演变进行了预测。情景分析表明刁口故道附近的农业用地并不稳定,容易发生变化,是需要重点关注的区域。     

西汉水流域典型林草地侵蚀特征分析

为了说明西汉水流域典型林草地的侵蚀特征,为农业工程和流域治理提供依据,采用137Cs土壤侵蚀核素示踪技术,按野外采样、核素检测、模型计算三步开展研究。结果表明,6个本底区域的137Cs面积活度为1 600～2 402 Bq/m2,平均值为2 022 Bq/m2;本底区域和未扰动的林草地,剖面核素活度随深度呈指数递减分布;采样荒草地为轻度侵蚀,林地为沉积或无明显流失,退耕还林用地为中度侵蚀;侵蚀强度：林草地＜荒草地＜退耕还林用地;对于同坡面的不同坡位,侵蚀强度：坡面上部＞中部＞下部;植被发育程度影响侵蚀量的大小,对于同一土地利用类型,通常植被覆盖度越高,侵蚀速率越小,反之侵蚀速率越大。     

商陆根部多糖的分离、纯化及其体外抗氧化活性

本研究从商陆根部提取分离出商陆多糖,并对该多糖含量进行测定及体外抗氧化活性研究。商陆根部经石油醚回流脱脂、热水抽提、脱色、乙醇沉淀等处理可从中提取出粗多糖。多糖经三氯乙酸脱蛋白纯化,再分别以考马斯亮蓝法和蒽酮-硫酸法测定其蛋白质含量和糖含量,并通过采用清除羟自由基和超氧自由基能力测定法、β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸法,以抗坏血酸（Vc）为对照,来分析粗多糖和纯多糖的体外抗氧化能力。采用水提法提取的粗多糖,含有10.69%的蛋白质和60.91%的多糖;纯化后的多糖糖含量达到91.04%。商陆粗多糖、纯多糖及Vc对羟自由基（·OH）清除率的IC50分别是1.26mg/mL、4.78mg/mL和0.224mg/mL;对超氧自由基（O2-·）清除率的IC50分别为1.91mg/mL、2.28mg/mL和0.123mg/mL;对β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系的抑制作用的IC50分别为0.471mg/mL、0.692mg/mL和0.379mg/mL。实验结果表明商陆多糖是一种较好的抗氧化剂,可作为潜在天然抗氧化剂应用于食品和医药工业中。     

氮水平对水稻植株氮素损失的影响

利用15N差值法,在溶液培养条件下研究了不同氮肥水平对水稻植株氮损失的影响,并就影响水稻氮损失的因素进行了分析。结果表明,对前期正常供氮的水稻幼苗做为期10 d的不同氮(N 04、0、801、60 mg/L)处理,水稻植株生物量未受显著影响,表明前期吸收氮可维持水稻生长。但是,随着供氮水平的提高,叶片及根的含氮量显著增加,而15N的丰度却显著下降,叶片15N的丰度显著高于根。说明高氮处理增加了水稻植株吸氮量并稀释了前期吸收的15N,而且根系累积的氮向地上部转移。缺氮(N 0 mg/L)与过量供氮(N 160 mg/L)均显著增加植株氮的损失率,而适量供氮(N 80 mg/L)则氮肥利用率显著提高。水稻的生长期显著影响植物氮的损失率,在N 80 mg/L的条件下,随着水稻生长期的延长,植株氮损失从11.6%增加到22.3%。同时,随着供氮水平的增加,叶片中NH4+-N含量和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性均显著增加,叶片组织pH也随之增加。表明植物体内铵浓度增加而引起的氨挥发是导致植物氮损失增加的原因之一。     

异粒包膜控释肥料氮素释放特性的研究

按照商品控释肥料的核芯肥料之粒级进行混配,利用底喷流化包膜技术制造出异粒包膜控释肥。通过静水培养试验,分别测得不同粒径控释肥料0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、14、21、28、56 d的氮素释放率,探讨粒径对氮素释放率、膜芯比等的影响。结果表明,随着粒径增加,氮素释放率明显降低,培养1 d,2～3、3～4、4～5 mm粒径控释肥料的氮素释放率依次为26.9%、4.45%、1.26%; 2～3 mm粒径的控释肥料的控释期只有4 d,3～4 mm为28 d,4～5 mm的大于56 d。培养过程,即控释肥料氮素释放过程,前期释放的氮素主要来自3 mm粒径的控释肥料。粒径大小对膜芯比有极显著的影响,膜芯比随着粒径的增加而增加。2～3 mm粒径控释肥料膜芯比比预设的降低15.58%,3～4 mm的降低了4.29%; 而4～5 mm的膜芯比则比设计的增加了5.65％。因此要保证控释肥料产品的质量,核芯肥料的粒级是必须控制的重要因素之一。     

Belowground carbon allocation patterns in a dry Mediterranean ecosystem: A comparison of two models

Total belowground C allocation (TBCA) accounts for a large fraction of gross primary production, it may overtake aboveground net primary production, and contributes to the primary source of detrital C in the mineral soil. Here, we measure soil respiration, water erosion, litterfall and estimate annual changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots, in three representative land uses in a Mediterranean ecosystem (late-successional forest, abandoned agricultural field, rain-fed olive grove), and use two C balance approaches (steady-state and non-steady-state) to estimate TBCA. Both TBCA approaches are compared to assess how different C fluxes (outputs and inputs) affect our estimates of TBCA within each land use. In addition, annual net primary productivity is determined and C allocation patterns are examined for each land use. We hypothesized that changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots will be slight compared to soil respiration, but will still have a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual net primary productivity was 648 ± 31.5, 541 ± 42.3 and 324 ± 22.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively. Across land uses, more than 60% of the C was allocated belowground. Soil respiration (F_S) was the largest component in the TBCA approaches across all land uses. Annual C losses through water erosion were negligible compared to F_S (less than 1%) and had little effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual changes in C stored in the soil, litter layer and roots were low compared to F_S (16, 24 and 10% for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively), but had a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. In our sites, an assumption that Δ[C_S + C_R + C_L]/Δt = 0 will underestimate TBCA, particularly in the abandoned agricultural field, where soil C storage may be increasing more rapidly. Therefore, the steady-state model is unsuited to these Mediterranean ecosystems and the full model is recommended.     

Effect of lithological substrate on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in brown soil profiles in the northern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial activity along forest brown soil profiles sequence developed on different lithological substrates (carbonate or non-carbonated cement in sandstone formations) at different altitudes. The main question posed was: does carbonate affect the biochemical activity of brown soil profiles at different altitudes? For the purpose of this study, four soil profiles with different amounts and compositions of SOM developed on different lithological substrates were selected: two with carbonate (MB and MZ) and the other two with non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations (MF1 and MF2). Chemical and biochemical properties of soil were analysed along soil profiles in order to assess the SOM quantity and quality, namely total organic C (C_org), water extractable organic C (WEOC) and humification indices (HI, DH, HR). Microbial biomass (C_mic and N_mic) content, as well as the specific activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and chitinase enzymes were chosen as indicators of biochemical activity. The soil biochemical properties provided evidence of better conditions for microorganisms in MB than in MF1, MF2 and MZ soil profiles, since patterns of microbial biomass content and activity might be expected in response to the amount and quality of organic substances. The different lithological substrates did not show any clear effect on soil microbial biomass content, since similar values were obtained in MF1, MF2 (with non-carbonated cement) and MZ (with carbonate). However, the specific activities of acid phosphatase (per unit of C_org and per unit of C_mic) were higher in soils with no carbonate (MF1 and MF2) than in soils with carbonate (MB and MZ). In conclusion, the biochemical activity along brown soil profiles was mainly regulated by different soil organic matter content and quality, while the two different lithological substrates (with carbonate or non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations) did not show any direct effect on microbial biomass and its activity. However, the activity of acid phosphatase per unit of C was particularly enhanced in soil with non-carbonate cement in the sandstone formations.     

Reestablishment of ecological functioning by mulching and termite invasion in a degraded soil in an Australian savanna

Soil degradation is a major source of ecological dysfunction in both natural and agricultural landscapes. Termites are key mediators of tropical soil structure and function, but there has been little experimental evaluation of their potential in soil rehabilitation. This study investigated if termite activity can be used as a tool to improve the properties and function of degraded soil in tropical Australia, through mulch addition. A 2 × 2 randomised block design was used, with mulch (bare [B] or mulched [M] plots) and termiticide (termite [T] or non-termite [NT] plots) as factors. Over 4.5 years I tested the hypothesis that the MT plots would show greatest increase in (i) soil macroporosity, (ii) total soil surface carbon and nitrogen, (iii) litter decomposition, (iv) soil water storage and (v) plant cover, and (vi) greatest reduction in soil strength. MT treatment plots showed a 46% and 45% increase in soil macroporosity and plant cover, respectively, and a 25% reduction in soil strength compared with MNT plots. Compared with B treatments (BT, BNT), macroporosity and plant cover were 98% and 60% higher, respectively and soil water storage increased by up to 15%. Termites contributed to 58% of litter loss in MT plots over the transitional/dry season period. Mulching doubled soil carbon and nitrogen levels. This research demonstrates termite-mediated processes can be initiated and maintained in degraded soil, thereby improving soil structure and key ecosystem functions. Termites may represent a valuable biological resource for promoting tropical soil restoration, through incorporating techniques that promote their activity into tropical soil rehabilitation management.