用15N肥料标记法研究潮土中玉米氮肥的利用率与去向

【目的】特定作物体系中氮肥的去向很难做到定量化。本文以玉米为供试作物,解析潮土上玉米作物氮素肥料利用、 转移规律,探讨肥料氮、 土壤氮与作物氮之间的关系。【方法】采用15N标记和盆栽培养技术,在北京市农林科学院人工控温温室条件下进行模拟研究,设置10个施氮水平(0、 22、 44、 66、 88、 111、 133、 177、 222、 266 mg/kg N),分析植株氮素利用和土壤氮素供应特征,研究潮土种植夏玉米条件下氮素肥料的运移规律及不同氮肥剂量对夏玉米的作用效应。【结果】所有施氮处理均显著提高了玉米生物量和植株吸氮量。氮肥利用效率虽然随施氮量增加有升有降,但处理间差异不显著。夏玉米对15N标记氮肥的回收率为9.01%~67.57%,土体中15N残留率和损失率分别为21.40%~40.54%和11.04%~50.45%,均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。与N1~N3(22、 44、 66 mg/kg)施肥水平处理相比,N4(88 mg/kg)处理条件下15N肥料在土壤中残留率分别减少19.14、 12.38、 13.13个百分点;15N肥料的损失率分别降低39.41、 7.88、 13.88个百分点。氮肥施用量超过88 mg/kg时,各个处理条件下玉米植株生物量和氮肥回收率出现降低趋势,分别降低5.88%~8.0%和9.06%~27.81%;15N肥料在土壤中的残留率和损失率分别减少3.36%~17.30%和1.65%~13.57%。【结论】该试验条件下,玉米的合理施氮量为88 mg/kg时,氮素的利用率最高为67.57%,残留率和损失率最低,分别为21.40%和11.04%,对生态环境的压力较小。     

减施氮肥下聚天冬氨酸对烤烟生理特性及氮肥去向的影响

针对烤烟种植氮素施用量过多、氮肥利用率不理想等问题,以聚天冬氨酸(PASP)为肥料增效剂、我国烤烟主要种植品种"云烟87"和贵州黄壤为供试材料,采用~(15)N同位素示踪技术,探索了减施氮肥30%情况下PASP施用对烤烟生理特性和氮肥去向的影响,为PASP应用于烤烟生产提供参考。结果表明:减施氮肥和添加PASP均可有效提高烤烟氮肥利用率,前者提高效果在烤烟生育后期尤为明显,后者在前者的基础上可进一步增强提高效果。常规施肥减氮30%条件下,烤烟根系生理和叶片光合特性受到显著影响;在此基础上添加PASP其烤烟根系生理、叶片生理形态及氮肥利用率皆得到显著促进。低水平PASP(100 mg/plant)可在一定程度上提高氮肥利用率,但对烤烟根系、叶片光合特性促进效果不显著;相比较而言,较高水平PASP(400 mg/plant)更有利于烤烟根系和叶片的生理代谢及肥料利用率的提高。相关分析表明,PASP的添加量与氮肥利用率之间存在极显著正相关关系(p0.01)。生育后期,各处理的~(15)N分配率均表现为地上部大于地下部,且随着PASP添加量的增加,植株分配到地上部的~(15)N的量相应增加;此外,施用PASP显著降低了氮肥损失率,提高了氮肥总回收率,表现为PASP用量越高效果越明显。综上可知,施用PASP促进了烤烟生理代谢和氮素的吸收,降低了氮肥损失,以施400 mg/plant PASP效果最佳。     

氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响

应用15N示踪技术研究了大田条件下氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收、转运及籽粒产量的影响。试验分别设置3个氮肥水平(0、150和240 kg/hm2N)和两种基追比例(即基肥:蘖肥穗粒肥分别为40%︰30%︰30%(A)和30%︰20%︰50%(B)),共5个处理,依次记作N0、N150A、N150B、N240A、N240B。结果表明,在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,提高氮肥水平,显著增加水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素数量以及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量。成熟期高氮处理(240 kg/hm2)水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量较多,分别为110.25、65.91、32.69 kg/hm2,而氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率下降,氮素损失率增加。在相同的氮肥水平下,采用基肥蘖肥穗粒肥比例为30%︰20%︰50%时,水稻吸收的肥料氮数量显著增加,氮素吸收利用率和土壤残留率提高,氮素损失率降低。适量施氮并增加穗粒肥的施氮比例,可以显著增加水稻产量。在本实验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2及基肥蘖肥穗粒肥为30%︰20%︰50%的施氮处理是兼顾产量和环境的最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

分根区交替灌溉和氮形态影响土壤硝态氮的迁移利用

采用模拟土柱利用15N标记于土层10~20 cm、40~50 cm的方法,并设置不同形态氮肥供应(铵态氮、硝态氮)、灌溉方式(常规灌溉CI、分根区交替灌溉APRI),研究APRI下土壤中不同层次硝态氮的去向以及不同形态氮肥的影响。结果发现,APRI节水34.31%而不显著影响产量(P0.05)。随着15N标记层次下降,番茄植株对15N吸收利用率以及番茄收获后15N在1 m土层内的残留量显著下降,损失率显著增加。CI对10~20 cm土层的15N淋洗作用强于40~50 cm土层,APRI对10~20 cm的15N淋洗作用相对CI减弱,而促进了40~50 cm土层中61.3%的15N向上层土壤迁移。APRI下15N的损失率显著降低,利用率没有大幅度下降。相对于铵态氮肥料,硝态氮供应由于促进了植株生长及对15N的吸收,造成番茄收获后1m土层内15N累积量减少,而损失率与相应铵态氮供应的处理没有显著差异。因此分根区交替灌溉能够减少土壤中硝态氮的淋洗,并能够促进下层土壤硝态氮向上迁移,减少损失,增加植物吸收利用的机会;不同形态氮肥通过影响植物生长而影响土壤中硝态氮的去向。     

不同施氮量对甘薯氮素吸收与分配的影响

应用15 N示踪手段,设置4个氮水平(0,100,200,400mg/kg),研究不同施氮量对2个甘薯品种(徐32和徐22)干物质积累及15 N吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:增加氮肥用量可以显著提高甘薯各部位的吸氮量和干物质累积量。在一定范围内,2个品种的块根产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,但过多施氮(400mg/kg)会导致徐22产量下降。2个甘薯品种在不同氮水平下,其生长前期15 N主要分配到地上部,之后(移栽后75d)大量转移到块根,收获期15 N分配率为块根叶片茎蔓或叶柄纤维根。两个甘薯品种对15 N的吸收分配不同,高氮用量下短蔓品种(徐32)块根的15 N吸收量和分配率均高于长蔓品种(徐22)。     

秸秆全量还田与氮肥用量对水稻产量、 氮肥利用率及氮素损失的影响

【目的】在我国水稻生产中探讨秸秆全量还田与氮肥配施的理论与技术,阐明秸秆还田对水稻产量、 氮素利用率及氮素损失的影响,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率、 减少氮污染具有重要意义。【方法】2009~2011年,以水稻南粳46为材料,在江苏常熟农业生态实验站进行原状土柱模拟试验。试验采用裂区设计,主区为秸秆全量还田(S)和无秸秆还田(S0); 副区为氮肥用量(N),设置N 120、 180、 240和300 kg/hm2 4个氮水平,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照。分析了水稻基肥期、 分蘖期、 穗肥期的氨挥发量和土壤80 cm处渗漏水全氮含量,土壤0—15 cm全氮含量,水稻产量,以及水稻籽粒和秸秆氮含量,计算水稻生育期氮肥的氨挥发损失率、 淋溶损失率、 土壤残留率以及水稻的氮肥利用效率。【结果】水稻产量随氮肥适宜用量增加而增加,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆还田下水稻平均增产6.3%,其中N 240 kg/hm2 处理产量最高; 水稻的氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势,秸秆还田能够提高水稻的氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率较单施氮肥分别提高1.4~3.4 kg/kg和1.8%~4.2%; 水稻田氨挥发损失量、 氮肥淋溶损失量和土壤残留氮量均随施氮量的增加而增加,在N 240 kg/hm2水平下,秸秆还田氨挥发损失量增加18.2%、 土壤残留氮量增加10.1 kg/hm2,减少氮素淋溶损失量30.9%,氮肥总损失率降低6.0%。【结论】在秸秆全量还田下,配施适量的氮肥,可以提高水稻对氮肥的利用率,增加产量,同时减少氮肥损失。本试验中,以麦秸全量还田配施N 240 kg/hm2为最优组合。     

基于15N同位素示踪盐渍化农田向日葵氮素利用规律

为探明盐渍化农田不同施氮水平下向日葵氮素吸收利用规律,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术进行田间微区试验,以不施氮处理(N0)为对照,设计3种施氮水平(N1=150 kg/hm²、N2=225 kg/hm²、N3=300 kg/hm²),于向日葵成熟期测定植株和0—100 cm土层土壤¹⁵N同位素丰度及总氮含量,研究各处理肥料氮素的去向及其利用机制。结果表明:向日葵氮素吸收量随施氮量的增加而增加,成熟期作物氮素吸收量在N2水平较不施氮显著增加38.7%;土壤氮和肥料氮对作物当季氮素吸收的贡献比例为84.9%和15.1%。N2水平下,肥料氮的贡献比例较N1增加35.7%,土壤氮的贡献比例较N1降低4.3%。肥料氮残留量随土层深度增加而减少,土壤中47.4%的残留肥料氮主要集中在0—20 cm土层。不同施氮水平下肥料氮去向均表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率,N2施氮水平下氮肥利用率较N1、N3显著提高22.7%和14.6%,土壤残留率较N1、N3减少8.5%和8.6%。综合考虑向日葵氮素吸收利用及土壤中氮素残留情况,225 kg/hm²施氮量下氮肥利用率为27.4%,氮肥残留率为32.3%,氮肥损失率为40.3%,是中度盐渍化农田较适宜的施氮量。     

施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以嘉兴地区水稻为研究对象,研究了不同施氮水平对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响。结果表明:水稻籽粒产量及吸氮量均随施氮量的增加而增加,与施氮量的关系均符合一元二次方程;施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2所对应的氮肥利用率最高,氮肥农学利用率则随施氮量的增加而下降;水稻的表观氮损失量、氮损失比例随施氮量的增加呈线性增长趋势,水稻氮损失量占氮总输入量的14%~52%,其中氨挥发损失的氮占氮总输入量的4%~12%;稻田氨挥发总量随施氮量的增加而增加,氨挥发量在施氮量为393.6 kg hm-2时发生明显跃增;增施有机肥有利于提高水稻籽粒的产量和植株吸氮量,并提高氮肥利用率及氮肥农学利用效率,但同时也增加了氮损失总量(包括氨挥发量)。从经济与环境双赢的角度出发,嘉兴的适宜施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2,且施氮量不宜超过303.6 kg hm-2。     

供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究了不同供氮水平对菠菜生物量、硝酸盐和不同形态草酸含量的影响。结果表明,供氮水平由4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,菠菜产量显著增加,继续提高氮水平对产量没有显著影响。叶片中的维生素C(Vc)含量随着供氮浓度从4.mmol/L提高到8.mmol/L而显著增加,再增加氮水平,叶片中的Vc含量明显下降;而菠菜叶柄Vc的含量则随供氮水平的提高显著下降。叶片硝酸盐含量随着氮浓度的提高而增加,当供氮水平由4mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量显著下降,而氮水平由8.mmol/L提高到20.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量则随之升高。供氮浓度从4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,叶片可溶态草酸含量略有下降,再提高供氮水平则明显上升,供氮水平低于12.mmol/L时,叶柄中的可溶态草酸和菠菜叶片和叶柄中的草酸总量则随着氮水平的提高而升高,高于12.mmol/L草酸含量反而降低。由此可见,菠菜在供氮浓度为8mmol/L(N2)时能够获得较高的产量和Vc含量,较低的硝酸盐和草酸含量,表明适宜的供氮水平下可获得高产优质的菠菜。     

利用15N示踪研究不同肥力土壤棉花氮肥减施的产量与环境效应

【目的】华北平原棉区中等肥力棉田经济最佳施氮量为300 kg/hm2左右,这一结果仅从产量效应得出,未充分考虑棉花对氮肥的回收利用和土壤中氮肥的残留。探讨低肥力土壤施氮量及施氮比例对棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以及低、中、高肥力土壤条件下等量施氮效应,旨在为棉花减氮增效提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验选择了高 (S1)、中 (S2)、低 (S3) 三个肥力水平的地块,其全氮含量分别为0.83、0.74、0.60 g/kg。低肥力地块设置低氮 (N1 113 kg/hm2)、中氮 (N2 225 kg/hm2)、高氮 (N3 338 kg/hm2) 3个氮肥用量;中肥力和高肥力地块设低氮量处理,氮肥两次追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥比例为1∶2;此外,设置低肥力土壤低氮量,氮肥追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥分配比例为1∶1。在吐絮70%时采集棉株和土壤样品,用15N技术分析了棉株氮素吸收来源、籽棉产量、棉株氮肥回收率和土壤氮肥残留率。【结果】低氮处理,土壤肥力对棉花籽棉产量无显著影响,随土壤肥力提升,棉株吸收氮素来源于肥料的比例下降,相对增加了对土壤氮素的吸收。棉花植株15N回收率随施氮量增加显著下降,随土壤肥力提高呈下降趋势,低肥力土壤与中肥力土壤间棉花植株15N回收率差异不显著,但显著高于高肥力土壤。高肥力土壤15N残留率高于低肥力土壤和中肥力土壤。15N损失率随施氮量和土壤肥力提高显著增加。低土壤肥力低氮量条件下氮肥分配比例1∶2处理籽棉产量高于1∶1处理。低肥力土壤条件下,中氮处理籽棉15N积累量相对高于高氮和低氮处理,籽棉产量较优。【结论】在较低土壤肥力条件下,施氮225 kg/hm2籽棉产量和氮回收率均优于施氮338 kg/hm2,氮肥损失率较低,减氮增效是可行的。高肥力土壤条件下减少氮肥投入可减少肥料的浪费。     

尿素施肥方式对水稻增产增效和土壤氮素损失的影响

【目的】探讨尿素施用量、基施比例和方法对水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率的影响,以及肥料氮的去向,为制定科学合理的施氮措施提供理论依据。【方法】水稻季田间试验于2019年和2020年在江苏太湖地区开展。供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),二者用量均为施氮量的1%。试验共设6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm² (RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP (RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。表施氮肥处理基肥∶分蘖肥∶孕穗肥为4∶3∶3;深施氮肥处理基肥∶孕穗肥为7∶3。2020年在处理小区内设置了¹⁵N示踪微区试验。调查了水稻产量、吸氮量、氮肥利...     

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer rate under integrated rice management in a hilly area of Southwest China

China has the world''s highest nitrogen (N) application rate, and the lowest N use efficiency (NUE). With the crop yield increasing, serious N pollution is also caused. An in-situ field experiment (2011-2015) was conducted to examine the effects of three N levels, 0 (i.e., no fertilizer N addition to soil), 120, and 180 kg N ha^-1, using integrated rice management (IRM). We investigated rice yield, aboveground N uptake, and soil surface N budget in a hilly region of Southwest China. Compared to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM integrated raised beds, plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting, which significantly improved rice grain yield, straw biomass, aboveground N uptake, and NUE. Integrated rice management significantly improved ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (by 10%) and significantly reduced the ratio of potential ¹⁵N loss (by 8%-12%). Among all treatments, the 120 kg N ha^-1 level under IRM achieved the highest ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (32%) and ¹⁵N residual efficiency (29%), with the lowest ¹⁵N loss ratio (39%). After rice harvest, the residual N fertilizer did not achieve a full replenishment of soil N consumption, as the replenishing effect was insufficient (ranging from -31 to -49 kg N ha^-1). Furthermore, soil surface N budget showed a surplus (69-146 kg N ha^-1) under all treatments, and the N surplus was lower under IRM than TRM. These results indicate IRM as a reliable and stable method for high rice yield and high NUE, while exerting a minor risk of N loss. In the hilly area of Southwest China, the optimized N fertilizer application rate under IRM was found to be 100-150 kg N ha^-1.     

Fertilizer nitrogen uptake by rice increased by biochar application

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase rice yield through improving nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization by rice plants under N application conditions. A pot experiment was done with a hybrid rice cultivar grown on a Fe-leachi-Stagnic Anthrosols with and without biochar application. The N fertilizer used was ¹⁵N-labeled urea. Results showed that biochar application resulted in 23–27 % increase in fertilizer N uptake by rice plants and consequently 8–10 % increase in grain yield. The higher fertilizer N uptake under biochar application was associated with a reduced fertilizer N loss. Fertilizer N loss rate was reduced by 9–10 % by applying biochar. We suggest that further studies are needed to assess the short-term and long-term effects of different biochars on N uptake and utilization by rice under field conditions.     

Biotic and abiotic processes of nitrogen immobilization in the soil-residue interface

The interface between decaying plant residues and soil is a hotspot for microbial immobilization of soil inorganic N. Recent studies on forest and grassland soils have demonstrated that rapid abiotic immobilization of inorganic N is also induced by the presence of plant residues. We, therefore, examined (1) how N immobilization varies with distance from the soil-residue interface and (2) whether abiotic immobilization occurs in agricultural soils. Spatiotemporal changes of N immobilization in the soil-residue interface were evaluated using a box that enabled soil to be sampled in 2 mm increments from a 4 mm-thick residue compartment (RC). The RC was filled with paddy soil containing ground plant residue (rice bran, rice straw or beech leaves) uniformly at a rate of 50 g dry matter kg⁻¹. Soil in the surrounding compartments contained no residue. After aerobic incubation for 5, 15 and 30 days at 25 °C, soils in each compartment were analyzed. After 5 days, significant depletion of inorganic N occurred throughout a volume of soil extending at least 10 mm from the RC in all residue treatments, suggesting extensive diffusion of inorganic N towards the RC. The depletion within 10 mm of the RC amounted to 5.0, 4.3 and 3.4 mg for rice bran, rice straw and beech leaf treatment, respectively. On the other hand, microbial N had increased significantly in the RC of the rice bran and rice straw treatments (11 mg and 5.5 mg, respectively) and insignificantly in the RC of the beech leaf treatment (0.06 mg). This increase amounted to 221% (rice bran), 129% (rice straw) and 1.7% (beech leaves) of the decrease in inorganic N within 10 mm of each RC. Thereafter the rate of N mineralization exceeded that of immobilization, and inorganic N levels had recovered almost to their original level by 15 days (rice bran) and 30 days (rice straw and beech leaves). These results suggested the predominance of biotic immobilization in soil near rice bran and rice straw and of abiotic immobilization in soil near beech leaves. No significant increase in both microbial and soluble organic N in the vicinity of beech leaves after incubation for 5 days further suggested that the abiotic process was responsible for the transformation of inorganic N into the insoluble organic N.     

基于临界氮浓度的水稻氮素营养诊断研究

【目的】 依据水稻品种的氮素营养特征计算其氮营养指数 (NNI) 和氮素亏缺 (N_and) 值,可实现作物氮素状况的精确定量调控。本研究比较了杂交稻和常规稻在不同氮水平下的NNI和N_and值,为该诊断方法的精准使用提供依据。 【方法】 本研究选用超级杂交稻 (Y两优一号、超优千号) 和常规稻 (粤农丝苗、金农丝苗) 为对象进行田间试验。设施氮水平0、40、80、120、160、200、240 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N40、N80、N120、N160、N200、N240表示),分析测定了水稻移栽后15、30、45、60、75天和成熟期地上部干物质量及其氮浓度,构建临界氮浓度变化曲线,利用该曲线计算了不同品种在不同时期的临界氮浓度、氮营养指数和氮亏缺值。 【结果】 杂交稻地上部干物重在N0、N40、N80、N120、N160处理间差异显著,N200、N240处理间差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理;常规稻地上部干物质重在N0、N40、N80、N120处理间差异显著,N160、N200、N240处理间差异不显著,但显著高于N0、N40、N80、N120处理。水稻植株氮浓度均随着施氮水平的提高而增加,但随生育期的延长和地上部干物重的增加,水稻植株氮浓度均呈下降趋势。根据地上部干物质重与其氮浓度变化关系构建水稻临界氮浓度 (Nc) 变化曲线,杂交稻为N_c=3.36DM–0.31(R2=0.91),常规稻为N_c=2.96DM–0.25(R2=0.86)。基于临界氮浓度曲线,计算不同水稻品种的NNI和N_and,其中杂交稻和常规稻NNI变化范围分别为0.73～1.05和0.78～1.11,N_and变化范围分别为–9.8～117.8 kg/hm2和–25.4～90.3 kg/hm2。 【结论】 常规稻品种临界氮浓度高于相同生育期的杂交稻品种,但杂交稻的干物质量生产能力大于常规稻。在本试验条件下,依据N_and计算结果,杂交稻临界氮浓度下的氮素积累量大于常规稻,其中杂交稻和常规稻适宜施氮量分别为200 kg/hm2左右和160～200 kg/hm2。      

施用控释氮肥对减少稻田氮素径流损失和提高水稻氮素利用率的影响

采用渗漏池模拟研究了洞庭湖区双季稻种植条件下施用控释肥料对氮素径流损失、水稻产量和稻株氮素含量的影响。结果表明,施用等N量控释氮肥 (CRNF) 和70%N量控释氮肥 (70% CRNF) 的处理总氮 (TN) 径流损失量比施用尿素处理 (CF) 分别降低了24.5%和27.2% (P0.05)。主要是施用控释氮肥显著降低了水稻前期 (施肥后10 d内)的径流水中氮素浓度。与施用尿素相比,两种土壤上施用控释肥的早、晚稻产量均明显提高,特别是在河沙泥上,稻谷总产量以70% CRNF处理最高,比尿素处理增产4.95% (P0.05)。控释氮肥能明显提高水稻生长后期的植株和子粒中的N含量;在水稻增产显著的河沙泥上,70% CRNF处理的早、晚稻子粒N含量较CF处理提高了9.4% (P0.05)和23.3%(P0.01);其氮素利用率高于施用全量尿素的CF处理。     

The fate of ammonium nitrogen applied to flooded rice as affected by zeolite addition

High rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields are closely related to plant absorption of a large amount of nitrogen (N). However, there is little information on the fate of N applied at the middle growth stages of rice. Labeled ¹⁵N ammonium sulfate was applied at the panicle formation stage in Experiment I, and 10 d after heading in Experiment II. Zeolite was also added at the concentration of 0, 0.01, and 0.1 kg kg^-1 to increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. The amount of ¹⁵N fertilizer in the soil surface water decreased exponentially and the fertilizer disappeared within 2 d after application. The soil that received zeolite at 0.1 kg kg^-1 exhibited significantly less ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N in the surface water and in the soil solution than the soil without the zeolite amendment. A significantly larger amount of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N was observed in the high zeolite-treatment of soil compared to the low zeolite-treatment of soil. The amount of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N increased initially, and thereafter decreased to traces 4 d after application in Experiment I, while 6 or 9 d after application in Experiment II. The disappearance of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N could be attributed mainly to the uptake by plants. The zeolite amendment or the time of N application did not significantly affect the amount of immobilized N. The rate of N adsorption was inhibited with increasing zeolite application. Moreover, zeolite application did not increase the recovery percentage of ammonium sulfate by rice plants. The total recovery of applied N ranged from 65 to 75%, irrespective of the zeolite treatments or the time of N application.     

Green manure application improves rice growth and urea nitrogen use efficiency assessed using 15N labeling

ABSTRACT

Green manure is an efficient nitrogen (N) source when used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. However, the N taken up by rice derived from green manure, chemical fertilizers or soil native N in complex nutrient systems is unclear. A pot experiment with partial substitution of urea with Chinese milk vetch (a green manure) implemented with ¹⁵N-labeled urea and Chinese milk vetch was set up to study the sources of N in rice and the fate of the fertilizers. The dry weights, N contents, N uptake, and urea N use efficiency were notably higher (by 15–16%, 4–13%, 22–30% and 182%-203%, respectively) in the Chinese milk vetch applied with urea treatment than in the urea alone treatment. The uptake of N from Chinese milk vetch and the use efficiency of Chinese milk vetch N were increased with reductions in the urea input amount. The application of Chinese milk vetch substantially changed the fate of urea: higher amounts of urea N were taken up by rice (approximately 29%) and remained as residue in the soil (approximately 15%) in the related treatments than in the treatment with urea alone (10% and 9%). More urea N than Chinese milk vetch N was taken up by rice (29% vs 20%, respectively) and lost (56% vs 14%, respectively), but less urea N than Chinese milk vetch N remained as residue in the soil (15% vs 66%, respectively). The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with green manure is an effective method of promoting rice growth by supplying N for rice uptake and promoting more efficient N use.     

控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻氮肥利用效率和氨挥发的影响

为探究控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻产量、氮素吸收、施肥经济效益和氨挥发损失的影响,该研究以扬籼优418为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（Farmer''s Fertilization Practice,FFP）、优化施氮（Optimized Nitrogen Application,OPT）、控释掺混肥（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer,CRBF）和控释掺混肥结合增密（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer Combined with Dense Planting,CRFDP）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率、经济效益和氨挥发损失的差异。结果发现,CRFDP处理的水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,较FFP分别增加26.1%和18.7%。CRFDP处理较FFP处理水稻增产33.3%。与FFP相比,CRFDP的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率分别提高160%、22.8 kg/kg、16.27 kg/kg。CRFDP较CRBF处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高10.0个百分点,氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则没有显著差异（P>0.05）;与FFP处理相比,3个优化施氮处理（OPT、CRBF和CRFDP）在氮肥用量降低20%的情况下,水稻每公顷净收益增加3 328～8 968元,其中CRFDP处理的水稻产值和净收益最高。施氮显著提高了水稻生长季的田面水铵态氮浓度和土壤脲酶活性,与FFP处理相比,CRFDP处理的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低62.5%和46.3%。综上,控释掺混肥与增密结合可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和氨减排。研究结果可为水稻高产及环境友好和资源高效的水稻种植新模式数据支持和理论支撑。