西宁黄土丘陵区初雨后土壤水分地理变异与植被分异规律

2016年冬春季节在青海西宁北山公园布置了典型黄土丘陵样地,连续测试了样地的土壤温度和含水率等数据。结果显示:植物根区土壤含水率在1—2月份与土壤温度紧密相关,土壤含水率由大到小的顺序为阳坡西南坡、阳坡正南坡、阳坡台地、阴坡。当土壤升温到0℃以上时,阴坡和阳坡台地涵养降水能力增强,土壤含水率急剧上升。4月份是植被尤其是乔木树种萌发需水的重要时期,15%是衡量春季植被(乔木)萌发的重要指标和依据,该时期不同地理单元土壤含水量差异显著。阴坡是该区域植被恢复的最佳地理单元,可实现植被的自然恢复;阳坡平坡加以适当的人为干预(平整、环形围闭、灌水)后,植被恢复能力与阴坡陡坡较为接近;阳坡陡坡不适宜人工恢复,应以自然恢复模式为主。     

多孔混凝土植被砖的立体绿化应用

根据立体绿化环境特点,旨在研制出适用于立体绿化墙面和屋面绿化施工用的多孔混凝土植被砖,并筛选出抗逆性强的植物。结果表明,水泥的理化性质会影响植物的生长,当水灰比在0.25、集灰比为3∶1、碎石作为粗集料,可以制得有效孔隙率大于20%并且抗压和抗折强度较高的多孔混凝土植被砖。研究发现,多孔混凝土植被砖的抗压与抗折强度与集料尺寸大小成反比,随着集料尺寸的增大,多孔混凝土植被砖的抗压和抗折强度都随之降低。通过植生试验发现,垂盆草与佛甲草在植被砖上长势较好,盖度高且抗逆性强。研制出的多孔混凝土植被砖已成功应用于立体绿化中,具有快捷、低成本的特性,易于推广。     

三江平原富锦湿地公园恢复初期土壤种子库特征

[目的]了解三江平原富锦湿地公园恢复初期种子库物种组成和规模。[方法]采用温室萌发法对比分析了三江平原恢复初期湿地和开垦湿地的土壤种子库特征。[结果]共萌发物种14种,其中,恢复湿地13种,开垦湿地8种,主要是稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、香蒲(Typha sp.)、春蓼(Polygonum persicaria)、灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)和菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)等物种,缺乏薹草(Carex spp.)和小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)等该地区典型沼生植物;恢复湿地单位面积萌发幼苗数量(389株/m~2)是开垦湿地(166株/m2)的2.3倍。地上植被常见香蒲(Typha angustifolia)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica)、水葱(Scirpus validus)和野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)等水生植物。[结论]在以恢复薹草湿地等浅水沼泽或湿草甸为目的时,应采用播种、移栽等方式补充种源,同时加强植被监测和水位管理,以促进目标植被的恢复。     

园林绿地固碳能力分析与研究进展

阐述了园林绿地植物的固碳能力,包括固碳能力测定方法,不同植物及不同形式植物配置的固碳能力,以及园林绿地植物固碳能力的影响因素,包括季节、大气污染物、绿地面积。探讨了园林绿地土壤碳汇,包括土壤碳储量测定方法、土壤碳含量分布特征及其影响因素,其中影响因素包括气候、植被类型、绿地类型、人为干扰、绿地建造时间。针对园林绿地碳循环研究的薄弱环节,从园林绿地系统碳循环机制,构建园林绿地碳循环模型,园林绿地碳库的稳定性维持机制,土壤碳循环过程与土壤水环境的耦合关系等方面,展望了今后的研究方向。     

太行山区不同坡度NDVI变化趋势差异分析

山区坡度对土壤侵蚀和植被生长有重要影响。分析不同坡度NDVI变化趋势的差异有助于理解植被对不同坡度的响应情况,加深对植被变化影响机制的理解。本文基于MODIS数据和DEM数据,以生长季NDVI均值为表征指标,采用基于像元的趋势分析方法以及基于坡度的回归分析法,分析了太行山地区2000—2015年间植被变化情况,并且对植被变化趋势与坡度关系的规律做了系统性分析。同时,本文采用土地利用转移矩阵来分析2000年和2010年两期不同坡度土地类型流转的面积及方向,探讨土地利用变化对不同坡度植被变化的影响状况。结果表明:(1)研究时段内太行山区植被总体上得到改善,植被改善区域占该区总面积的93.5%。(2)NDVI增加趋势在中西部地区(山西省境内)最为明显,东部和南部部分中低海拔区出现减少趋势,主要集中在东部邻接华北平原的低山丘陵区。(3)坡度较大的区域生长季平均NDVI较高。(4)植被变化趋势(y)与坡度(x)之间的关系为非线性关系,可用二次函数来表示,其表达式为:y=?0.311x2+8.098x+28.027。(5)当坡度在7°~15°,植被变好趋势最为明显,其次是坡度为15°~20°,坡度7°~20°NDVI变化趋势均值分别比20°区域和≤7°区域高15.8%和29.8%。(6)2000—2010年在低(0°~7°)、中(7°~20°)和高坡度(20°)区域,耕地、林地、草地总面积均减少,主要流向了建设用地和水域。然而,3个坡度范围NDVI变化趋势均为正,且增加最明显的为中坡度地区,然后依次是高坡度地区和低坡度地区。(7)NDVI变化趋势受到土地利用类型和面积的影响较小,主要受到自身生化条件、自然环境条件和人为扰动(土地利用强度等)的综合作用。基于以上结果,本文对太行山区不同坡度土地资源的合理利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

北京郊区植被覆盖变化动态遥感监测——以怀柔区为例

植被覆盖度是一个十分重要的生态学参数,对于全球变化和监测研究具有重要意义。本文基于像元二分模型,利用归一化植被指数NDVI,对怀柔区1992年和2004年植被覆盖度进行了监测,并对十几年来的植被覆盖变化情况进行了统计分析。结果表明,全区植被覆盖整体呈上升趋势,但存在区域间的不平衡现象。     

小尺度地区植被管理系统的构建——以东莞林科园为例

介绍了组件式GIS技术,在VB环境下嵌入MapObjects组件,开发植被信息管理系统,实现对与植被相关的土壤、水资源和基础地理等信息进行综合管理,实现通用的GIS功能,极大地提高小尺度地区植被管理的效率。     

The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation

Marginal habitats such as hedgerows or roadsides become especially important for the conservation of biodiversity in highly modified landscapes. With concerns of a global pollination crisis, there is a need for improving pollinator habitat. Roadsides restored to native prairie vegetation may provide valuable habitat to bees, the most important group of pollinators. Such roadsides support a variety of pollen and nectar sources and unlike agricultural fields, are unplowed, and therefore can provide potential nesting sites for ground-nesting bees. To examine potential effects of roadside restoration, bee communities were sampled via aerial netting and pan trapping along roadside prairie restorations as well as roadsides dominated by non-native plants. Management of roadside vegetation via the planting of native species profoundly affected bee communities. Restored roadsides supported significantly greater bee abundances as well as higher species richness compared to weedy roadsides. Floral species richness, floral abundance, and percentage of bare ground were the factors that led to greater bee abundance and bee species richness along restored roadsides. Traffic and width of roadside did not significantly influence bees, suggesting that even relatively narrow verges near heavy traffic could provide valuable habitat to bees. Restored and weedy roadside bee communities were similar to the prairie remnant, but the prairie remnant was more similar in bee richness and abundance to restored roadsides. Restoring additional roadsides to native vegetation could benefit pollinator conservation efforts by improving habitat on the millions of acres of land devoted to roadsides worldwide, land that is already set aside from further development.     

Turf-bearing topsoils on the central Tibetan Plateau, China: Pedology, botany, geochronology

Vast areas on the Tibetan Plateau are covered by alpine sedge mats consisting of different species of the genus Kobresia. These mats have topsoil horizons rich in rhizogenic organic matter which creates turfs. As the turfs have recently been affected by a complex destruction process, knowledge concerning their soil properties, age and pedogenesis are needed. In the core area of Kobresia pygmaea mats around Nagqu (central Tibetan Plateau, c. 4500 m a.s.l.), four profiles were subjected to pedological, paleobotanical and geochronological analyses concentrating on soil properties, phytogenic composition and dating of the turf. The turf of both dry K. pygmaea sites and wet Kobresia schoenoides sites is characterised by an enrichment of living (dominant portion) and dead root biomass. In terms of humus forms, K. pygmaea turfs can be classified as Rhizomulls mainly developed from Cambisols. Wet-site K. schoenoides turfs, however, can be classified as Rhizo-Hydromors developed from Histic Gleysols. At the dry sites studied, the turnover of soil organic matter is controlled by a non-permafrost cold thermal regime. Below-ground remains from sedges are the most frequent macroremains in the turf. Only a few pollen types of vascular plants occur, predominantly originating from sedges and grasses. Large amounts of microscopic charcoal (indeterminate) are present. Macroremains and pollen extracted from the turfs predominantly have negative AMS ¹⁴C ages, giving evidence of a modern turf genesis. Bulk-soil datings from the lowermost part of the turfs have a Late Holocene age comprising the last c. 2000 years. The development of K. pygmaea turfs was most probably caused by an anthropo(zoo)-genetically initiated growth of sedge mats replacing former grass-dominated vegetation (‘steppe’). Thus the turfs result from the transformation of pre-existing topsoils comprising a secondary penetration and accumulation of roots. K. schoenoides turfs, however, are characterised by a combined process of peat formation and penetration/accumulation of roots probably representing a (quasi) natural wetland vegetation.     

公路路域植被不同演替阶段土壤动物群落特征

通过对半干旱典型草原地带公路路域植被自然恢复过程中,即不同演替阶段的土壤动物群落研究表明,当原有的土壤—植被受到彻底破坏后,大型土壤动物也随之消失;中小型土壤动物对土壤—植被系统的依存程度要较大型土壤动物小得多,即便土壤—植被系统受到彻底破坏,中小型土壤动物也能存活。植被恢复阶段,土壤动物的类群和密度明显增加,植被发育顶级阶段两个生境的土壤动物类群和密度存在差异。植被恢复阶段和植被发育顶级阶段土壤动物的多样性差异较小。鞘翅目土壤动物与全部土壤动物的多样性指数变化趋势基本一致,鞘翅目土壤动物对研究区植被不同演替阶段具有明显的指示作用。土壤动物群落多样性指数与土壤pH、全磷、全钾和土壤自然含水量的平均灰色关联系数较大,说明在植被恢复过程中土壤动物群落多样性变化与这几个主要因子关系密切。