大气[CO2]和温度升高对农作物生理及生产的影响

全球大气[CO2]和气温升高是全球气候变化对农作物产量影响最为重要的两个因子。本文着重介绍了[CO2]和温度升高对农作物光合作用、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用、产量、品质等方面影响的研究进展。研究表明随着[CO2]升高,作物光合速率及蒸腾速率有上升趋势,呼吸作用和气孔导度下降,产量有所提高,品质将会降低,但研究仍有不确定性。随着[CO2]变化,不同光合途径(C3、C4)作物的响应不一致且存在短期和长期效应。普遍认为大气温度升高抑制作物光合作用,作物产量下降。现有的研究多采用模型或模拟试验的方法研究气候变化对作物产量的影响,但研究发现模型研究结果与模拟试验研究结果有差异,不同学者对产量的评估结果也不一致。最新研究认为温度对作物产量影响成非线性,当温度高于关键温度后产量会迅速下降。现阶段大部分模拟试验均在气室中研究,与野外实际情况差异较大,结论仍需进一步验证。目前尚缺乏对作物模型结果的实验验证。     

烤烟光合作用的生育期变化及其与环境因子的关系

利用Li6400光合仪研究了不同部位烟叶光合作用的周期性变化,结果表明:不同部位烟叶的Pn、Tr和Gs的变化表现出不同的趋势,均出现了高峰和低谷,但不同部位烟叶的Pn、Tr和Gs高峰和低谷的高低和出现时间有所不同。生育期内中部叶和上部叶的Pn、Gs平均值均大于下部叶,以中部叶最大;Tr平均值大小依次为中部叶、下部叶、上部叶。对Pn影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是VPD、RH、Ta和PAR;对Tr影响最大的因子是VPD,其次是Ta、RH、Gs和PAR。     

南疆地区棉花叶片水分利用效率的日内动态变化特征

[目的]研究南疆棉花叶片水分利用效率的日动态变化。[方法]在新疆巴州水管处重点灌溉试验站利用LCpro+全自动便携式光合仪对试验田内棉花光合作用进行系统监测,同时将数据转化为棉叶水分利用效率(WUE)并进行动态特征分析。[结果]在日内,棉叶光合速率变化呈双峰型曲线,蒸腾速率的变化因棉叶温度差异呈双峰型或单峰型曲线;光合和蒸腾日内动态都具有不对称性,且二者动态反向;棉叶水分利用效率的日动态呈双峰型曲线,上午棉叶水分利用效率高于下午,且在不同叶位之间差异较大,自主茎第2叶向下依次减小;花铃期主茎不同叶位之间的水分利用效率变幅大于蕾期。[结论]该研究为提高棉花叶片水分利用效率提供了科学依据。     

Effect of water deficit and rewatering on leaf gas exchange and transpiration decline of excised leaves of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

Grapevine cultivars are known to differ in their drought adaptation mechanisms, but there is little knowledge on how they behave when recovering after a drought event. The effects of increasing water deficit and recovery after rewatering were evaluated on four widely grown red grapevine cultivars native from different climates (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cs; Garnacha, syn. Grenache, Ga; Merlot, Me; and Tempranillo, Te) through the study of gas exchange (GE) measurements and transpiration decline curves (TDC). As a whole, Ga has proved to be the cultivar best adapted to water deficit, since it showed the highest water use efficiency (WUE) and the greatest water saving ability after leaf excision. Te, on the contrary showed the lowest values for those parameters under increasing stress, although when rewatered showed greater acclimation ability than Cs and Me, remarkably improving its behaviour. The two methodological approaches (GE and TDC) used at different water deficit levels and after rewatering, have complemented each other, allowing a better cultivar characterization than each method would had allowed itself.     

紫花苜蓿的蒸腾系数和耗水系数

对紫花苜蓿的蒸腾系数和耗水系数的影响因子和范围进行了较为详尽地阐述。     

不同桑树品种水分生理特性的研究

通过对农桑 12号、湖桑 32号、选 792、新一之 4个不同桑树品种的叶水势、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等系列水分生理指标的分析 ,比较出 4个品种叶水势、气孔导度、蒸腾速率的大小顺序均为农桑 12号 <选 792 <湖桑 32号 <新一之。表明农桑 12号、选 792对水分利用率高 ,湖桑 32号、新一之则对水分需求较高     

土壤水分对越冬番茄叶片H2O和CO2交换特性的影响

以"L402"为试材,研究了土壤水分对越冬番茄光合及蒸腾特性的影响.结果表明:越冬番茄全生育期内的Pn、Tr以50%处理最低,但65%和80%处理无显著差异,且均无光合午休;LWUE则以50%处理较高,80%处理最低.越冬番茄土壤水分管理以控制在65%为宜.     

Effects of water deficit on olive trees cv. Chemlali under field conditions in arid region in Tunisia

Water scarcity in the Mediterranean basin in addition to the extension of irrigated lands is one of the main factors limiting agricultural development. The need for supplementary irrigation of the Chemlali olive cultivar (Olea europaea L.) during summer and autumn periods was investigated. Leaf water content, gas exchange parameters, fruit development and yield in rain-fed and in irrigated plants have been monitored in 12-year-old olive trees grown under environmental conditions in semi arid regions characterized by high temperatures and high light intensity. Trees were subjected to three irrigation treatments, T0, T1 and T2 corresponding respectively to 0, 33 and 66% of crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) by a drip irrigation system. The water deficit during the summer (from June to August) led to the decrease of soil moisture, leaf water content and gas exchange parameters. Irrigated trees showed the same slow activity in the three summer months as the rain-fed trees. For all treatments, net CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were markedly decreased by environmental conditions (high air temperature and high light intensity) during the summer period. At the partial active growth phase of the Chemlali olive cultivar (September–November), a significant re-increase in all parameters was observed. However, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of control plants (T0) were, respectively, 57 and 40% lower than those of plants conducted under milder water contribution (T1). The decrease of physiological activity in irrigated plants during hot and dry (summer time) and cold (winter) seasons was a clear evidence that water supply during such periods will be without a great benefit for photosynthetic activity, and thus growth, if applied under critical conditions inducing the rest phase of the plant. The non-statistically significant slight differences as well in photosynthetic performances activities (Pn, Gs and E rates), as in olive production between the two irrigated treatments will not cover the expenses of water loss when applying irrigation at 66% of ET_c especially in arid region characterized by scant and irregular rainfall. On the light of these results, we can conclude that the irrigation of this species during the vegetative growth phase (in spring and autumn), and stopping it during the olive rest phase (in summer and winter) could be recommended at least under the experimental conditions of this study; and that the contribution of 600 mm of water per year (33% of ET_c) can respond to the needs of the Chemlali olive cultivar in a semi arid region without impairing photosynthetic activity and olive production.     

北京地区不同水分条件下菊苣光合与蒸腾特性研究

根据北京地区的气候特点设置水分充足、中度干旱和干旱三个处理,测定菊苣叶片光合和蒸腾速率的日变化规律和3个生育时期(莲座叶簇期、抽薹初期、现蕾期)的变化规律.结果表明,菊苣叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都有双峰型日变化规律;土壤水分不足能明显降低菊苣叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率,加剧或提前菊苣"光午休"现象的发生;菊苣在抽薹初期对水分缺失反应较敏感;叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率存在弱的二次线性相关关系.     

光照和水流阻力对小麦蒸腾波动的影响

生长在步入式植物生长箱中的小麦幼苗, 当光子流密度(PFD)下降时, 蒸腾速率发生了有规律的波动。 波动周期与下降幅度有关, 下降幅度越大, 周期越长。 在波动进行期间, 当再次降低PFD(100 μmol m-2s-1到30 μmol m-2s-1)后, 波动频率和振幅都有所降低。 通过外界压力使叶鞘部木质部变形, 以导致在变形区的水流阻力增