高羊茅雄性不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为观察

采用卡宝品红染色制片法,对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)雄性不育植株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程及异常行为进行观察,结果发现,高羊茅减数分裂进程与小花大小、花药长度、色泽有较为密切的关系。减数分裂周期具有不同步性,同一制片中可观察到2～4个不同时期的分裂相,这种现象是高羊茅在进化过程中环境适应的一种表现,有利于增强种群繁殖稳定性。本研究还发现,减数分裂过程中存在大量单价体、染色体桥、落后染色体、不均等分离、微核、三分体等异常现象,初步分析确定这些小孢子异常分裂是导致高羊茅花粉败育的重要原因之一。     

Development of EST‐SSR markers for diversity and breeding studies in opium poppy

All publicly available opium poppy expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences, totalling 20 885, were assembled into unigenes and examined for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Nearly 19% of the 14 957 unigenes contained SSRs with 4% harbouring more than one SSR. Average density of the SSRs was 1 SSR per 3.6 kb of non‐redundant EST sequence. Trinucleotide SSRs were most frequently identified (39%), and many of the most prevalent motifs were AT‐rich. Flanking primers were designed for 86% of the SSRs and 67 primer pairs were tested on 37 opium poppy accessions and seven related species. All markers were transferable to the related species. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for the markers were intermediate for comparisons within opium poppy (average of 0.27) and slightly higher for comparisons across species (average of 0.29). The markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis as they successfully distinguished among Turkish opium poppy accessions and land races.     

BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与内源激素的关系

【目的】研究BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与小孢子发生过程中内源激素含量变化的关系,为激素调控温光敏雄性不育小麦花粉育性提供理论依据。【方法】选用BNS和BNS366为试验材料,分别以矮抗58和郑麦366（BNS366的近等基因系）为对照,进行正常秋季播种（2018年10月10日）和晚播（2018年12月2日）试验,用I₂-KI法测定花粉育性,用国内法和国际法测定自交结实率,采用间接酶联免疫法测定雌雄蕊原基分化期-三核期叶片、雌雄蕊原基分化期-四分体期幼穗和单核中位期-三核期花药中6种内源激素的含量。【结果】在正常秋季播种条件下,BNS和BNS366花粉可育率、国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率均为零,达到全不育水平,在晚播条件下,BNS的这三个指标分别为34.74%、43.12%和48.48%,达到低不育水平,BNS366则分别为92.63%、55.37%和67.94%,达到正常可育水平,播种期间差异均达到极显著水平;矮抗58和郑麦366在2种播期条件下,则为82.56%—94.00%、73.90%—82.31%和96.54%—139.26%,均为正常可育,播种期间差异不显著;BNS和BNS366花粉可育率-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下花粉可育率提高百分率）均分别极显著低于矮抗58和郑麦366。分别在2个试验组内进行内源激素含量的多重比较,BNS和BNS366与矮抗58和郑麦366内源激素含量-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下激素含量提高百分率）存在差异,对内源激素含量与花粉可育率、内源激素含量-∆与花粉可育率-∆进行了相关性分析,发现BNS和BNS366不育株在小麦幼穗发育过程中激素含量存在特征性变化。生长素（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）含量在四分体期（BNS）和雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS366）叶片中不足,在单核中位期（BNS）和单核靠边期（BNS366）花药中不足,在二核期花药中盈余;赤霉素（gibberellic acid,GA）含量在四分体期幼穗和单核中位期花药中不足;玉米素核苷（zeatin riboside,ZR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）含量分别在四分体期幼穗中存在偏低倾向（BNS）或确定存在不足（BNS366）现象;油菜素内酯（brassinosteroid,BR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）含量在雌雄蕊原基分化期、四分体期、单核靠边期（BNS）或单核中位期（BNS366）和三核期叶片中不足,在雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS）或四分体期幼穗（BNS366）中不足,在单核靠边期花药中不足。【结论】正常秋季播种条件下,单核靠边期之前,BNS和BNS366中IAA、GA和ABA的含量不足,尤其是MeJA的含量不足,可能促进了二者雄性不育的发生。     

Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence,molecular basis and utilization

In plants, male sterility (MS) is a specific breeding target trait. With the advancements in agriculture, utilization of heterosis breeding in hybrid production through MS lines has become the main breeding tool of various cross‐pollinated and even self‐pollinated crops. Soybean is an essential source of oil and protein; however, the low yield is a major factor limiting its development. Soybean MS mainly comprises cytoplasmic‐nuclear MS and nuclear/genic MS (NMS/GMS), which can effectively utilize heterosis to improve soybean yield. This review outlines the recent research progress on the development of new genetically MS lines, exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of MS, identification and cloning of MS and fertility restoration genes, and the application of MS lines. We further discussed and prospected the future developmental scenario direction of the soybean MS, based on the previous studies of other crops sterility system. Moreover, this review also provides comprehensive information for better application of MS to soybean breeding programme.     

茄子反向温敏雄性不育系可溶性糖含量及相关基因表达分析

为揭示茄子反向温敏核雄性不育(rTGMS)发生与糖类代谢的关系,以茄子rTGMS系‘05ms’及温度不敏感系‘S63’为试材,对不育期和可育期的叶片及花蕾的可溶性糖含量进行比较,结果表明,‘05ms’在不育和可育时期叶片和花蕾中的可溶性糖含量均显著低于‘S63’;进一步对‘05ms’花蕾进行转录组测序及对其糖类代谢相关途径进行分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在3个通路:淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生和氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,其中淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路的差异基因最多且大部分在低温条件表达下调,主要影响了葡萄糖和半乳糖醛酸的合成。此结果初步揭示了茄子反向温敏雄性不育系中糖类代谢响应温度变化的特点,为茄子雄性不育杂交育种提供理论依据。     

Production and testing of plants regenerated from protoplasts of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plants were regenerated from protoplasts isolated from embryonic suspension cultures of N5047S, a photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) Japonica rice line. Flow cytometric analyses of nuclear DNA content identified some tetraploid regenerates whose agronomic traits could be distinguished from diploid regenerates. Pollen and female fertility of diploid protoplast-derived clones grown under different light and temperature conditions was compared. A promising PGMS protoplast clone, ZAU11S, was developed from these clones. Its male sterility was confirmed as a photoperiod × temperature interaction type. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻广亲和光敏核不育系H52S的选育

利用常现杂交有种结合花药培养技术,筛选出具有广亲和特性的模型光敏核不育系H52S,其育性转换明显,不育期内不育株率与不有度均达100％,可育期内自然结实率达40％以上;将其与广亲和测试种杂交,F1结实率达80％以上,经初步亚种间配组分析,显示强大的增产潜力．     

两系杂交水稻应用化学杂交剂保纯的研究 Ⅰ.“保纯灵”诱导光温敏核不育水稻雄性不育的效果

为了探讨化学杂交剂对光温敏核不育水稻雄性不育的影响效果,１９９３～１９９６年对光温敏核不育水稻衡农Ｓ－１和培矮６４Ｓ进行了化学杂交剂筛选和应用技术的研究．结果表明,湖南农业大学生化教研室研制的无毒化学杂交剂“保纯灵”在光温敏核不育水稻衡农Ｓ－１和培矮６４Ｓ可育状态下叶面喷施（适宜时期为花粉充实早期）,诱导雄性不育效果较好,辅助制种能明显提高杂种纯度,在衡农Ｓ－１和培矮６４Ｓ育性恢复、自交结实率２０％左右时,每６６６．７ｍ２分别用“保纯灵”１６０和２４０ｇ,对水２００ｋｇ叶面喷施１次,一般空壳率达９８％,杂种纯度９５％左右;Ｆ１杂交种子发芽率正常,秧苗生长旺盛;根芽比提高,细胞色素氧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性增强;“保纯灵”对水稻杀雄有效的剂量范围广,活性期长,处理后水稻开花集中,午前花比例提高,雌蕊柱头生活力正常．但处理后的水稻植株对赤霉素有轻度钝感,生育期延长２～３ｄ．     

雄性不育及育性恢复基因表达载体的构建

将拟南芥花药特异表达启动子A6与核酸酶基因融合构建不育基因,与核酸酶Bamase特异抑制剂Barstar基因融合构建育性恢复基因,再分别与抗除草剂溴苯睛基因表达盒bxn串联,形成紧密连锁,分别构建植物雄性不育和育性恢复基因表达载体pwP一AN及pwp一AS,以抗澳苯睛基因作为转化和繁殖、制种过程的筛选标记。     

6个籼型水稻光温敏核不育系异交特性的研究

以３２０４Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、１１０３Ｓ和９４５１Ｓ等６个籼核不育系为材料,对其异交性能进行了研究。结果表明：（１）６个核流通 系的颖花开花率均高于对照珍汕９７Ａ;柱头外露率从高到低依次为１１０３Ｓ、珍汕９７Ａ（ＣＫ）、３２０４Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ;８９０６３Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ有花率比对照珍汕９７Ａ高,６个核不 系的平均张颖时间均比对照珍汕９７Ａ短;（２）