高州水库集水区内污染源污染负荷研究

为探究高州水库集水区内污染状况,根据2008年污染源的调查结果,利用排污系数法和输出系数法,结合现场资料调查分别对该地区点源和非点源污染负荷(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP)进行估算,并应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术对集水区内污染源空间分布特征及来源构成进行分析。研究结果表明,高州水库集水区内COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染物输出总量分别为8192.83、394.13、1137.38、94.29 t/a,其中非点源污染COD、NH3-N、TN、TP输出量为7114.79、336.91、1060.21、88.08 t/a,占污染物输出总量的比例分别为87%、85%、93%、93%。COD、TN和TP均以农林种植源排放为主,占总输出量的比例分别为50%、52%、50%。NH3-N以农村生活源排放为主,占总输出量的比例为63%。在空间分布上,每年不同乡镇单位面积COD负荷强度为47.08~144.63 kg.hm-2,NH3-N负荷强度2.43~5.24 kg.hm-2,TN负荷强度6.70~20.34 kg.hm-2;TP负荷强度0.60~1.73 kg.hm-2,其中以临近库区的平山镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷强度均最高。在来源构成上,集水区各镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷的70%~94%来源于非点源。因此,为保护高州水库水环境,应将集水区内非点源(农村生活、散养畜禽、农林种植)作为重点控制源,同时根据其空间分布特征进行分区防治,重点防治控制区为平山镇。     

An ecosystem‐scale predictive model of coastal seagrass distribution

• 1. Maintaining ecological processes that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems requires planning and management of marine resources at an appropriate spatial scale.
• 2. The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBR) is the world's largest World Heritage Area (approximately 348 000 km²) and second largest marine protected area. It is difficult to inform the planning and management of marine ecosystems at that scale because of the high cost associated with collecting data. To address this and to inform the management of coastal (approximately 15 m below mean sea level) habitats at the scale of the GBR, this study determined the presence and distribution of seagrass by generating a Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based habitat suitability model.
• 3. A Bayesian belief network was used to quantify the relationship (dependencies) between seagrass and eight environmental drivers: relative wave exposure, bathymetry, spatial extent of flood plumes, season, substrate, region, tidal range and sea surface temperature. The analysis showed at the scale of the entire coastal GBR that the main drivers of seagrass presence were tidal range and relative wave exposure. Outputs of the model include probabilistic GIS‐surfaces of seagrass habitat suitability in two seasons and at a planning unit of cell size 2 km×2 km.
• 4. The habitat suitability maps developed in this study extend along the entire GBR coast, and can inform the management of coastal seagrasses at an ecosystem scale. The predictive modelling approach addresses the problems associated with delineating habitats at the scale appropriate for the management of ecosystems and the cost of collecting field data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

哈尼梯田生态系统森林土壤水源涵养功能分析

位于云南省哀牢山区红河南岸的红河哈尼稻作梯田系统是全球重要农业文化遗产之一,自上而下形成了垂直分布的“森林、村庄、梯田、河谷”四素同构的良性原始农业生态系统,使得该系统成功地抵御了多年的连续干旱。以哈尼梯田的核心区域撒马坝梯田上方的典型森林为对象,对其土壤水源涵养功能进行了系统分析和评价。结果表明,研究区平均土壤容重为1.09 g/cm³,总孔隙度为65.1%,非毛管孔隙度为18.7%,平均土壤蓄水容量达2 589 t/hm²,土壤滞留贮水量达739 t/hm²,表层土壤平均初渗率达13.57 mm/min,稳渗率达7.22 mm/min,充分说明了该区域的土壤水热交换条件和土壤渗透性都十分良好。与我国其他区域森林相比,哈尼梯田森林具有很高的土壤水源涵养能力,是其适应极端干旱气候的重要保障,其模式可为我国适应极端气候变化减少农业经济损失提供重要的经验借鉴。     

革兰氏阴性菌蛋白分泌系统研究进展

许多革兰氏阴性细菌借助于细菌的分泌系统,分泌出毒性因子和效应子,与寄主进行分子交流。革兰氏阴性细菌有5种类型蛋白质分泌系统,即Ⅰ-V型。本文结合这5种分泌系统的特点、组成以及转运机制方面的进展进行了综述。     

社会转型期档案工作的新思路

实现“两个转变”、建立“两个体系”是新时期我国档案工作的新战略,现从理论内涵、时代意义和实现途径等方面对其进行全方位分析,探讨不同实践主体在建立“两个体系”中的职责和任务,为促进“两个体系”建设目标的实现提供参考。     

Re-think urban drainage following a SuDS retrofitting approach against urban flooding: A modelling investigation for an Italian case study

In the last decades, urban sprawl and soil sealing led to an increase of urban flooding phenomena. Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) seem able to weaken stormwater-related criticalities, enhancing sustainability and city resilience.Relying on a detailed and feasible preparatory study of SuDS feasible retrofit design, based on a punctual identification of the areas suitable for retrofitting and the most appropriate combination of SuDS technologies, the reported research aimed to assess the effectiveness of a sustainable drainage approach in Sesto Ulteriano (Italy), an urban catchment suffering from stormwater management concerns. In particular, using the approach of a typical scenario analysis, this comparative modeling analysis involved SWMM5 for the assessment of the differences in the catchment hydrological behaviour between the mentioned specific and feasible SuDS retrofitting scenarios and a potential one, where non-specificity is considered for SuDS retrofitting location. Besides, the analyses focused on investigating how rainfall severity, areal extension and land use typical feature could influence the effectiveness of the sustainable redevelopment of the urban area.Results indicate that SuDS projects based on potential designs, which does not account for the feasible suds location, might result in a significant overestimation of the hydrological benefit. They showed, indeed, an improved hydrological performance, with average total volume reductions of the Combined Sewer Overflows up to over 70 % (retrofitting the 8.3 % of the catchment area), that is about 40 % higher than those obtained under the same areal extension by the feasible scenarios. Moreover, it was found that there could be an optimal SuDS retrofitting percentage above which additional hydrological benefits are undetectable. Land use, resulting in the variability in the degree of imperviousness necessarily associated to a variability in the retrofitting potential, also seemed to affect SuDS hydrological performance and for this reason should be included in an overall assessment. SuDS also proved to act successfully on the actual maximum percentage of nodes of the drainage network above a 0.7 filling degree threshold (about 52 % under 10-year return period rainfall) reducing it to 24 % with a feasible retrofitting involving the 8.3 % of the study area.     

试论中国重要农业文化遗产的可持续发展

自2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发布了“全球重要农业文化遗产”(GIAHS)项目,中国学者们一直在探索适合中国农业文化遗产的保护与发展之路。回顾中国知网全文数据库上2006—2019年学者们发表的学术论文,对具有代表性的刊物上发表的相关文献进行整理归纳,结合部分实地考察的案例,阐述了中国重要农业文化遗产可持续发展的经济价值、生态价值和社会价值,分析了可持续发展过程中面临的传统生产模式退变、生态系统退化、文化传承意识薄弱、申报资料欠妥等问题,最后提出了可持续发展的策略,包括创新生产模式、激发文化创意内涵、完善相关文件等。中国重要农业文化遗产的保护固然重要,但探索其可持续发展之路,才是让其一直生存下去的根本,而这条道路不仅需要各位学者的学术研究,更需要政府和实践家的资金、时间和实践的投入,需要各行各业的共同努力。     

地市级农业科研机构"一所两制"改革问题研究——以赤峰市农业科学研究所为例

本文以赤峰市农业科学研究所为例,从科技产业主体和科技创新主体两方面,对“一所两制”改革的现状及存在的问题进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了适合我国现阶段基层农业科研机构企业化转制的渐进式改革模式。     

生态补偿标准对农户生产行为的影响——以云南省红河县哈尼稻作梯田为例

设计和制定针对农田面源污染的生态补偿机制,可以有效促进农田环境治理与保护。但补偿政策的效果如何,取决于农户对政策的接受程度、响应情况和实施力度。为研究不同的生态补偿标准对优化农户生产行为的影响,本文以中国云南省哈尼稻作梯田为例,将农户分为高、低海拔两个小组,建立农户多目标生产决策模型,通过设定不同补偿标准,对农户生产行为进行预测,分析了不同补偿标准对农户种植决策和福利的影响。结果表明,生态补偿激发了农户的农业生产热情,农户倾向选择更为复杂但收益更高的种植结构。随着生态补偿标准的提高,农户的种植决策对标准的敏感性逐渐降低;同时高海拔组对标准的敏感性高于低海拔组,其种植结构变化的幅度也明显高于低海拔组,其化肥农药投入强度的削减幅度大于低海拔组。当生态补偿标准达到3 000元·hm~(–2)时,水稻、玉米、套种大豆、套种玉米的面积比分别为60%、4%、18%、18%,化肥农药分别减少37%、49%、37%、44%。生态补偿标准通过改变农户的种植决策和化学品投入,最终对农户的收入产生影响:高海拔组,随补偿标准的提高,农户总收益先降后升,当补偿标准为1650元·hm~(–2)时,收益到达拐点;当生态补偿标准超过1 650元·hm~(–2)时,不仅能达到农户减施化肥农药的效果,也能保障农户的收益。但低海拔组,随补偿标准的提高,水稻、单作玉米、玉米套种大豆的总收益持续下降,农药化肥减施对总收益的影响较大,农户对生态补偿的响应也较低。总之,生态补偿对农户生产行为有明显影响,且此影响与生产环境相关。     

决策支持系统(DSS)及其在农业上的应用

本文扼要地介绍了决策支持系统(DSS)在解决半结构化问题决策中的作用,论述了它在农业上应用的必要性和可能性,文中举例简介了农场适度经营规模的DSS,以展示其建立过程,和作者在1987年建立的饲料配方DSS。