我国中小企业的融资困境及对策研究

从我国中小企业的融资现状入手,分析了中小企业融资难的外因和内因,提出了一些对策措施.     

牛小腔前卵泡体外生长发育的研究

 在添加有ITS、丙酮酸钠、次黄嘌呤、血清、FSH、LH、E2的α-MEM基础液中加入表皮生长因子（EGF）和碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)及氢化可的松（HC），对直径＜100 ?m（平均直径61～70?m）的牛小腔前卵泡进行体外培养。结果表明，试验I，在FSH、LH、E2浓度分别为0.25 ?g·ml-1、5 iu·ml-1、0.5 ?g·ml-1时，卵泡体外培养7 d， EGF和bFGF联合存在好于分别单独存在时的培养效果，当bFGF（25 ng或50 ng）剂量保持不变，提高EGF含量（25 ng,50 ng）有抑制卵泡发育的作用；增加bFGF的剂量有助于腔前卵泡的发育。 试验II，当FSH、LH、E2分别调整到4 ?g·ml-1、10 iu·ml-1、0.1 ?g·ml-1，并添加了氢化可的松（40 ng·ml-1），卵泡体外培养13 d，在试验3组（EGF 25ng）和试验4组（EGF 25 ng+ bFGF 50 ng），卵泡发育率和卵泡平均增长直径均显著好于试验1组（未添加EGF、bFGF、氢化可的松）和试验2组（只添加氢化可的松）。体外培养第20 d，试验3组和试验4组卵泡发育率分别为15.79 %和25.58 %，卵泡最大增长直径分别为300和320 ?m，并形成小的卵泡腔（成腔率分别为7.69 %和17.65 %），而试验1组和试验2组其卵泡发育率均为0。表明体外培养腔前卵泡时，不同的培养体系对其生长发育有十分重要的影响，各种成分之间存在互作的关系。     

小梅山猪发情周期生殖激素变化的研究

以ESR基因BB型小梅山母猪、大白母猪为研究对象,测定发情周期血清生殖激素(雌二醇、雌三醇、孕酮、促卵泡素和促黄体素)浓度,探讨小梅山猪高产的内分泌机制。结果表明:小梅山猪雌二醇、孕酮浓度均显著(P<0.05)高于大白猪,大白猪雌三醇和促黄体素浓度显著(P<0.05)高于小梅山猪,而两品种猪促卵泡素则无显著差异。初步认为在诸多生殖激素动态相互作用中,雌激素和孕酮是决定小梅山母猪(ESR基因BB型)繁殖力的主效激素。     

The role of informal contracts in the growth of small cattle herds on the floodplains of the Lower Amazon

In the absence of access to formal credit, informal contracts with independent investors give the small ranchers of the Lower Amazon an acceptable means through which to surmount the high investment hurdle of starting a cattle herd. These contracts – called sociedades – allow small ranchers to raise an outside investor's cattle in return for a portion of the offspring and are commonplace in the cattle production systems of the Amazon. But, notwithstanding a vast literature on cattle production in the Amazon, informal contracts have been largely overlooked. This paper presents the results of a field survey and financial analysis for informal contracts on small ranches in the Lower Amazon. In the results, we suggest that informal contracts are an important means of cattle herd start-up and herd production for small ranchers. Internal rates of returns in cattle production under these contracts are in the range of –7 to –12% for the small rancher and 12% for the investor. The net present value of the contract to the small rancher ranges from –R$1219 to –R$8599 and from R$1681 to R$8845 for the investor, for a 10-year period, depending on herd size. Financial returns contracts are sensitive to the contract design – e.g., to who pays health costs – and to beef prices. The small ranchers have a negative IRR, lose money, and bear all the risk of loss, yet persist in using this form of herd development. We surmise that this is due to the non-financial benefits of cattle ownership and the lack of access to formal credit structures. In conclusion, although outside the formal economy and apparently financially unrewarding, these contracts are an important mechanism by which the small ranchers on the Amazon Floodplains create cattle herds.     

中小企业电子商务应用研究

电子商务是伴随着网络信息技术的发展而发展的。网络信息技术的发展、特别是通讯技术的发展，促使互联网络成为一个更强、更新的媒体，在这一媒体上发展起来的电子商务新兴学科与行业应用也逐渐被学者和企业所认知，企业如何将电子商务经营模式整合于自身的经营模式，对于中小企业来讲，电子商务能给它们带来哪些机遇和挑战。中小企业如何开展电子商务呢？这是笔者从电子商务实践中探讨研究的问题之一。     

Changes of somatotropin axis in catch-up growth rats born small for gestational age

AIM: To evaluate the changes of somatotropin axis in pre-pubertal rats with catch-up growth born small for gestational age (CUG-SGA). METHODS: The SGA rat model was prepared by diet restriction in pregnant rats.Growth hormone (GH) excretion in 24-h urine, serum level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the expression of IGF-l and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the tibial growth plate and the mRNA expression of IGF-1 in liver were measured in infant rats at the end of week 4. RESULTS: The level of 24-h urinary GH excretion in CUG-SGA group were significantly higher than that in the rats of non-catch-up growth born small for gestational age (NCUG-SGA) group and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group (both P<0.01). The serum level of IGF-1 and the mRNA expression of IGF-1 in liver in CUG-SGA group were similar to those in AGA group, but significantly higher than those in NCUG-SGA group. The thickness of the tibial growth plate in NCUG-SGA group was significantly lower than that in CUG-SGA group and AGA group. No difference of the growth plate thickness between CUG-SGA group and AGA group was observed, but the thickness of hypertrophy zone of the growth plate in CUG-SGA group were significantly higher than that in NCUG-SGA group and AGA group (both P<0.01). The expression of IGF-1 in the growth plate in CUG-SGA group was similar to that in AGA group but significantly higher than that in NCUG-SGA group (P<0.01). No difference of the IGF-1R expression in the growth plate among these 3 groups was found (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: GH/IGF-1 resistance exists in SGA rats with and without catch-up growth.     

基于City Star地理信息系统的农业气候资源网格点推算

应用City Star地理信息系统和多元回归方法建立了偏关县温度，降水要素的小网格推算模型。运用这些模型计算了偏关县各网格点旬，月，年平均气温，以及月，年降水量的累年平均值和各级界限温度的初终日期，间隔日数和积温，效果良好。     

利用土壤的序列数字图像技术研究孔隙小尺度特征

将土壤样品用混有荧光有机染料的树脂浸渍后 ,以 1mm间距连续研磨 ,经过一定的图像转换处理 ,最后以连续数字图像方式对图像孔隙的小尺度特征进行分析。对一种美国耕作黑土和一种法国耕作黄壤的比较研究表明 ,两类土壤在图像孔隙面积、图像孔隙面积变异性、图像孔隙孔径、孔隙连接度、孔隙重叠度以及孔隙流通性等方面均有所差异 ,这与两类土壤不同的有机质含量有关。     

Do regional gradients in land-use influence richness, composition and turnover of bird assemblages in small woods?

Small patches of natural or semi-natural habitat have an important role in the conservation of biodiversity in human-dominated environments. The values of such areas are determined by attributes of the patch as well as its context in the surrounding land mosaic. There is a need for better understanding of the ways in which assemblages are influenced by patch context and the scale over which this occurs. Here we examine the influence of regional environmental gradients on the richness, annual turnover and composition of breeding bird species in small woods in south-eastern England. Regional gradients were defined independently of woods by an ordination of attributes for 5 km × 5 km landscape units across a 2100 km² region. Patch-level attributes, particularly area, were the most important predictors for most bird variables. For woodland migrants and woodland-dependent species, variables representing the context of each wood, either at a local or regional scale, explained significant additional variance in species richness after accounting for wood area, but did not do so for species turnover. Significant context effects for woodland-dependent species related to the extent of hedges and woodland cover in the local vicinity (<1 km radius), whereas for woodland seasonal migrants the best predictors of richness after patch area were two regional environmental gradients. The initial cue to settlement for migrants may be at a coarse regional scale, with selection for suitable landscapes that have a greater extent of woodland cover. Edge species showed different responses: they were influenced by the diversity of structural features in woods, and were a more-dominant component of the avifauna in isolated woods in open fenland environments of the region. Significant relationships between coarse regional gradients (25 km² units) and bird assemblages in small woods (0.5-30 ha) suggest that population and community processes in the avifauna operate across a broader scale than local patch neighbourhoods. They also highlight the importance of adopting a landscape or regional perspective on potential changes to land-use in rural environments, and on the conservation management of small reserves.     

青海省东部黄土丘陵沟壑区泥石流及其防治对策

青海省东部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区高寒干旱，山大沟深，沟壑纵横，生态失调，暴雨频繁，水土流失严重，滑坡、泥石流程度不同地不断发生，严重危害着工农业生产和人民生命财产安全。据调查分析，造成海东泥石流的主要成因，与暴雨、地质、气候、地形、黄土以及人为活动因素有关。防治泥石流灾害必须采取以下措施：全面普查，掌握情况；开展监测工作，进行科学试验；加快坡面、沟道治理；加强管理，依法制止人为水土流失。