The use of even-chain alkanes sprayed onto herbage as rate of passage markers in goats

An experiment was conducted with Saanen goats fed fresh grass ad libitum to compare ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes sprayed onto either grass leaves or stems to estimate faecal output, total mean retention time (TMRT) and parameters obtained from faecal marker concentration curves, such as k₁ (slow rate of passage), k₂ (fast rate of passage) and transit time (TT). ⁵¹Cr-mordanted grass showed the lowest fractional rates of passage (k₁ and k₂) and hence the largest value of TMRT. There were not significant (P > 0.05) differences between even-chain alkanes sprayed onto leaves or stems for k₂, TT and TMRT, but k₁ estimates were higher (P < 0.05) for stems than for sprayed leaves. Despite the marker used, TMRT values were negatively correlated with the level of dry matter intake (r = − 0.81, − 0.80 and − 0.80 for ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves or stems, respectively). Average faecal outputs estimated from faecal concentrations of ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes were not different from the actual outputs but there were differences between markers in the accuracy of estimation. The highest mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the poorest correlation between observed and estimated faecal output values corresponded to even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto stems. Values estimated using ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves were significantly correlated with faecal outputs (r = 0.94 and r = 0.92, respectively), with MSPE being greater for the latter marker.     

肉牛经济性状关联的微卫星标记研究进展

微卫星序列是以1～6个短核苷酸为基本重复单位的重复序列,呈共显性、重复性好、多态性丰富和操作简单,在基因定位与QTL分析、亲权分析、分子标记辅助选择等方面应用广泛.本文综述了与肉牛部分经济性状(生长发育性状、胴体性状、肉质性状、多胎性状和出生重)相关的微卫星标记研究进展.     

Genetic variability and virulence among Verticillium albo-atrum isolates from hop

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium albo-atrum or V. dahliae, is an important disease of many worldwide crop species. In Europe, V. albo-atrum isolates infecting hop express different levels of virulence, inducing mild or lethal disease syndromes, and it is therefore an attractive model for studying the virulence of this pathogen. In this work, eleven amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations were used to analyze genetic variability among 55 V. albo-atrum hop isolates from four European hop growing regions, as well as isolates from other hosts and V. dahliae isolates. Cluster analysis divided V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae isolates into two well-separated groups. Within the V. dahliae cluster, isolates were separated without host specific grouping, although no host adapted isolates were included. In V. albo-atrum, the alfalfa isolates were distinct from isolates of other hosts, where a high association with virulence was observed in hop and tomato isolates. All lethal hop isolates were genetically different from mild hop isolates. The lethal hop isolates from England and Slovenia expressed the same virulence phenotype, although they showed a different AFLP pattern. The mild hop isolates formed two subgroups, to which isolates clustered irrespective of geographical location. These data suggest multiple origins of V. albo-atrum hop isolates, and the possible appearance of new virulent isolates in the future in other hop growing regions.     

Application of bovine microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of European bison (Bison bonasus)

In this study, the cross‐amplification of a commercial multiplex set of 11 cattle (Bos taurus) microsatellites was tested on a panel of 35 European bison (Bison bonasus) individuals. After polymerase chain reaction optimization, all loci cross‐amplified successfully in investigated bisons. Number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosity per locus are in the range of 2–4, 0.086–0.629 and 0.288–0.621 respectively. The availability of a heterologous set of multiplexed microsatellite markers derived from cattle opens an avenue for collecting profound genetic data for efficient conservation management strategies of the European bison.     

桃果肉颜色、果皮茸毛和花粉育性性状的分子标记

 以91-42-51 ×瑞光2号的杂交后代共48个单株为试材, 采用集群分离分析法(BSA) , 对桃果实的有毛/无毛、白肉/黄肉以及无花粉/有花粉3 个性状进行了分子标记研究。研究获得SSR 标记UDP96-018 (300 bp) 与有毛性状连锁, 遗传距离4.5 cM, SSR标记UDP98-407 (680 bp) 与白肉性状连锁, 遗传距离为2.2 cM; 根据拟南芥雄性不育序列标记设计的引物扩增出的两个片段NNJ-I (600 bp ) 和NNJ-I (900 bp) 与桃无花粉性状之间的遗传距离为0 cM。这些标记的获得为桃分子标记辅助育种提供了有效的筛选手段。     

Molecular assessment of polymorphism among local Jordanian genotypes of the common fig (Ficus carica L.)

This research was conducted to assess polymorphism among local genotypes of common fig available in Jordan (one of countries of origin). Leaf samples were collected in spring for DNA isolation from 20 different local genotypes (5 cultivars and 15 landraces). Two more wild types and one foreign cultivar were included. The genotypes were assessed using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Six of the 19 screened primers showed reproducible polymeric profiles. Out of 62 amplified bands, 48 were polymorphic (77%). They generated 1104 data entries (591 for present and 513 for absent bands). After determining Jaccard similarity index, some genotypes showed high genetic similarity (90% between F20 and F22), while other were less similar (3–18% between F11 and all other genotypes). Moreover, the primers were evaluated for their discriminating power, where primer RAPD06 showed the weakest power (0.431), while highest values of 0.989 and 0.996 were achieved for primers RAPD02 and RAPD13, respectively.     

DNA标记技术在梨属植物研究中的应用

综述了几种常见的DNA标记如RFLP、RAPD、SSR、AFLP和SCAR在梨属植物研究中的应用以及所取得的进展。DNA标记技术主要在梨属植物的品种鉴别、亲子关系鉴定、分类和系统关系研究、遗传图谱构建与标记辅助育种等研究领域中得到了广泛的应用。还对各种标记的特点和在梨属植物研究中的应用范围做了总结,期望为今后研究中合理选择适宜的标记技术提供参考。     

番茄资源对叶霉病的抗性鉴定和SSR标记遗传变异分析

 对62份番茄种质资源进行了抗番茄叶霉病鉴定, 共筛选出抗病材料17份, 其中对全部生理小种(1.2.3、1.2、2.3、1.2.3.4、1.2.4)均表现抗病或免疫的材料9份;抗3个生理小种的材料4份;抗2个生理小种的材料2份;抗4个生理小种的材料2份。并应用SSR标记技术对62份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析, 50对SSR引物中筛选出11对多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物, 共扩增出94条谱带, 平均每个引物扩增出8.55条带, 多态性条带比例达63.94%, 遗传相似系数在0~1之间, 表现出丰富的遗传多态性, 可将番茄野生种和栽培种分开, 反映了种间的遗传差异。     

SSR和SNP在畜禽育种中的应用进展

本文简要综述了国内外近两年微卫星标记(SSR)和单核苷酸多态标记(SNP)在动物育种研究包括遗传多样性、品种鉴定及血缘分析、遗传图谱构建、标记辅助选择中的应用进展,以期为我国畜禽分子育种的深入发展提供借鉴。其中遗传多样性的研究主要是利用SSR,我国对各种畜禽大部分品种群体遗传结构的研究已经趋于完成,这有利于更好的保护和利用我国固有的品种资源。国际上已经对猪、牛构建了标记密度较大的遗传图谱,在这些标记中,SSR占了绝大多数,其中鸭和马的遗传图谱构建在最近取得了较大进展。目前畜禽的QTL定位使用的标记主要为SSR。对候选基因的研究已经趋向于SNP的关联研究,许多新的候选基因被发现与畜禽的某些经济性状相关。     

朝鲜鹌鹑遗传多样性微卫星标记分析

选用鹌鹑上的12个微卫星位点,对随机选取朝鲜鹌鹑的40个个体进行多态性检测,共检测到55个等位基因,每个座位平均等位基因数为4.583个。该群体平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0.6945和0.7111,表明朝鲜鹌鹑属多态性较丰富的群体。