皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒对中国对虾亲虾的人工感染

皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒对中国对虾亲虾的人工感染宋晓玲，黄倢，王崇明，于佳，陈碧鹃，杨丛海（黄海水产研究所，青岛２６６０７１）关键词中国对虾，亲虾，皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒，人工感染，温度效应ＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＩＮＦＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＢＲＯＯＤＳ...     

用逆转录多聚酶链式反应从凡纳对虾中检出传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒

传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒 (ＩＨＨＮＶ) ,是一种细小病毒 ,它能感染所有起源于中胚层和外胚层的对虾组织细胞[1] 。在许多养殖对虾的国家都有ＩＨＨＮＶ ,特别是中美洲国家和地区[2 ] 的对虾养殖业深受其害。随着各国间对虾贸易的急剧增长 ,ＩＨＨＮＶ地理分布范围日益广泛 ,迄今为止 ,已扩散到中国台湾、新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、菲律宾、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等国家和地区[2 -4] 。红额角对虾 (Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｓｔｙｌｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ)、斑节对虾 (Ｐ .ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ)、短沟对虾 (Ｐ .ｓｅｍｉｓｕｌｃａｔｕ…     

Gill-associated virus and its association with decreased production of Penaeus monodon in Australian prawn farms

Gill‐associated virus (GAV) was found to be associated with decreased prawn, Penaeus monodon, production when prawns from three farms (n = 45 ponds, 1800 prawns) were monitored for GAV over the production season using a graded RT‐nPCR. The grading system used was a visualization of either the outer or inner nested PCR products. Prevalence and loading of GAV were associated with disease severity. Ponds with a higher initial prevalence and a larger increase in GAV load over the production period suffered disease outbreaks. Ponds with low initial prevalence of GAV but a larger increase in prevalence and large increase in load over the production period suffered chronic disease with no disease outbreak identified, yet low production. However, the ponds with moderate to low initial prevalence of GAV with a low increase in prevalence and load of GAV over the production period incurred no disease outbreak and comparatively high production. Ponds with GAV prevalence greater than 75% at 1 month post‐stocking should be considered for termination as they have a high probability (95%) of having a disease outbreak. Emergency harvest when a disease outbreak occurs will significantly limit mortality losses.     

中草药对斑节对虾生长、饲料利用和肌肉营养成分的影响

研究了中草药对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon(初始体重0.30g.尾-1)生长性能、饲料利用以及肌肉营养成分和氨基酸的影响。6种实验饲料(按顺序分别为1,2,3,4,5和6)中中草药的添加量分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0和8.0g·kg-1饲料。除了饲料2之外,斑节对虾的成活率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率都显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(饲料1)。投喂饲料3的斑节对虾增重率与对照组相比,虽然统计学上不存在显著差异,但有较大幅度的提高。投喂添加中草药的饲料对斑节对虾肌肉的水分和蛋白质含量无显著影响,但脂肪含量明显下降。结果表明,斑节对虾饲料中添加适量的中草药能够促进生长、显著提高成活率和降低饲料系数,并改变斑节对虾肌肉中脂肪含量和氨基酸组成。     

Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in diets for white shrimp Penaeus setiferus L.

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADMD), crude protein (ACPD) and gross energy (AED) of selected ingredients in diets for juvenile Penaeus setiferus . Ingredients tested were corn grain, cottonseed meal, crab meal, grain sorghum, meat and bone meal, menhaden fish meal, rice bran, rice grain, shrimp meal, soybean meal, squid liver powder, wheat flour, wheat gluten, wheat middlings and wheat shorts. ADMD coefficients of test ingredients ranged from 22% to 100% and appeared to be related to the fibre, ash and starch content of the ingredient. ACPD coefficients ranged from 58% to 100%. Plant protein supplements (soybean meal and cottonseed meal) were utilized as efficiently as, or better than, animal protein supplements (squid liver powder, menhaden fish meal, meat and bone meal, shrimp meal and crab meal). ACPD coefficients for meat and bone meal, shrimp meal and crab meal (58–59%) were significantly lower than those for menhaden fish meal (76%) and squid liver powder (82%). AED coefficients (44–100%) varied significantly among plant products of similar proximate composition. Corn grain and wheat flour were better utilized by P. setiferus than other high-starch energy supplements. Wheat gluten exhibited the highest ADMD, ACPD and AED coefficients of all ingredients tested.     

应用耕水机养殖南美白对虾的试验

为探索一条新的水产养殖途径,该文利用耕水机进行南美白对虾养殖对比试验。在一个养殖周期内对溶解氧、温度、pH值和亚硝酸盐等水环境因子及南美白对虾生长情况、品质和经济效益进行了分析研究。试验结果表明：与非耕水机养殖比较,使用耕水机能够提高水体溶解氧均匀度和温度均匀度,增加池塘溶解氧含量;维持水体pH值在7.6～8.9之间;降低水体亚硝酸盐含量;对虾生长速度快且品质优良;节约耗电量56.9%、饵料15.5%、药费45.4%;提高单位面积产量20.1%。试验和分析结果证明使用耕水机能够改善水体环境,降低养殖成本,增加养殖收入,有较高的实际应用价值。     

一种新的对虾病原菌——雷氏普罗威登斯菌

本文从患败血病的中国对虾体内分离到多株细菌，其中三株经人工感染证实为病原菌，又经４０多项形态、生理、生化特性测试，鉴定为雷氏普罗威登斯菌（Ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｎｃｉａｒｅｔｇｅｒｉ），其主要特性为杆状，革兰氏阴性，周生鞭毛，运动，无自然游动现象，兼性厌氧，苯丙氨酸脱氨酶、柠檬酸盐利用、吲哚、甲基红反应均阳性，发酵甘露醇、肌醇、甘露糖产酸。赖氨酸、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、精氨酸双水解酶、ＶＰ反应均阴性。生长最适温度、ＮａＣｌ、ｐＨ范围分别为２５℃—３０℃、０５％—１５％、７０—９０。对羧苄青霉素、先锋霉素５号、氯霉素、ＳＭＺ＋ＴＭＰ、氟哌酸、链霉素等极为敏感。雷氏普罗威登斯菌引起对虾败血病在国内外尚属首次报道。     

免疫低聚糖对中国对虾的免疫效用研究

为证实免疫低聚糖(D-氨基葡聚寡糖,D-Amino-Oligosacellaride)对中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)的免疫增强作用,进行了不同剂量的注射及饲料投喂实验.结果表明,注射免疫低聚糖可显著增强中国对虾酸性磷酸酶和溶茵酶等血清免疫指标,添加于饲料中投喂可以提高对虾成活率,降低饵料系数,且饲料中添加量≥3‰的效果较佳.     

制备K700bp成探针与美意和平湖两品系西蜂RAPD-PCR扩增产物及它们基因组DNA分子杂交的研究

Ｋ７００ｂｐ 是高产蜜西蜂引物Ｋ（５’－ ＣＧＧＣＣＣＣＴＧＣ－ ３’） ，通过ＲＡＰＤ－ ＰＣＲ 扩增出来的一个特有ＤＮＡ 片段。然后将Ｋ７００ｂｐ 制备成探针再与高、低产蜜西蜂的ＰＣＲ 产物及它们的基因组进行杂交。结果Ｋ７００探针只与高产蜜西蜂的ＰＣＲ 产物及其基因组杂交，证明Ｋ７００ｂｐ 确实是高产蜜西蜂的一个特有ＤＮＡ 片段。     

日本对虾抗白斑病子三代的抗白斑综合征病毒感染能力及免疫特性

为了更好地进行日本对虾抗病良种的选育,本文用浓度为每毫升1×105个病毒粒子的对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)粗提液注射感染抗白斑病日本对虾子三代和普通日本对虾,观察其死亡率,同时测定WSSV感染后0,4,24,48和96 h血淋巴酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和蛋白含量.结果显示:注射WSSV 14 d内抗病子三代和普通对虾的平均死亡率分别为15%和85%,前者的抗病保护率达82.4%;感染前前者的各项免疫指标均高于后者,且PO,AKP和蛋白含量存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);感染后两者血淋巴检测的5项指标在96 h内的变化趋势基本相似,除ACP以外,抗病子三代的其他指标都比普通日本对虾的高.研究结果表明,所选育的抗白斑病日本对虾子三代能够有效地抵抗对虾白斑综合征病毒的侵染,其免疫指标也高于普通日本对虾.