联户规模对高寒草场质量的影响分析——以甘肃玛曲为例

通过测定不同规模联户管理下草场的可食草盖度、牧草高度、草场鼠洞数量、毒杂草比例及地上生物量等衡量草场质量的指标,统计分析后得出相比较单户、小联户与大联户而言,中联户管理的草场具有更高的草场盖度、牧草高度及地上生物量(EVI值),具有更少的鼠洞数量及更低的毒杂草比例,即由中联户管理的草场其质量最高.在此基础上以经济学视角分析草场质量差异的人文因素,表明单户或小联户具有较强的管理因素制约及较弱的自然因素制约,大联户具有较强的自然因素制约及较弱的管理因素制约;这3种联户内成员均会由于制约不足而出现增加饲养量的情况,造成过载放牧,并最终降低草场质量.中联户在较强的管理因素及自然因素的共同制约下,其内部成员均无增加饲养量的动机,因此整个联户将不会或很少出现过载放牧的情况.     

不同氮磷锌施肥水平对盐碱地牧草生物产量的影响

［目的］优化氮磷锌肥配比施用量。［方法］选择苜蓿、草木樨、星星草、沙打旺、羊草等耐盐牧草,采用311-A最优回归设计,比较氮磷锌施肥水平。 ［结果］最高产草量16 534.10 kg/hm^2,相应的氮肥、磷肥、锌肥用量分别为116.55 、121.35 、31.20 kg/hm^2;最佳经济效益牧草产量16 233.90 kg/hm^2,相应的氮肥、磷肥、锌肥用量分别为116.40、121.20、30.90 kg/hm^2,纯收益为2 472.40元/hm^2。［结论］对牧草产量影响的顺序依次是磷肥、氮肥和锌肥。     

三江源果洛地区牧草长势特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用2003—2016年三江源果洛地区6县牧草观测资料和同期气象观测资料,对果洛地区牧草长势变化特征及其与牧草生育期(4—9月)气温、降水量、日照等气象条件的相关性进行分析。结果表明,果洛地区6县中班玛、久治牧草长势最好,玛沁、甘德、达日次之,玛多最差;就平均长势而言,近14年果洛地区牧草长势趋于良好,牧草高度、覆盖度、产量均呈增加趋势。通过对牧草长势和牧草生育期的气温、降水量、日照时数的相关性分析表明,随着降水量的增加,牧草产量也相应的增加;而随着日照时数增加,牧草产量却呈减少趋势。     

Nitrate Poisoning in Horses Associated With Ingestion of Forage and Alfalfa

This report describes nitrate poisoning observed in thoroughbred mares. Nine horses died at a farm in Bursa, Turkey, between February and April of 2008. Five of them were pregnant. Clinical findings developed over a short period and included severe abdominal pain, limited response to analgesics and antispasmodics, diarrhea, shallow and rapid breathing, tachycardia, blue-brown discoloration of the mucosal membranes, tremors, ataxia, convulsions before death, and abortion in the pregnant mares. The main postmortem finding was chocolate brown–colored blood as well as congestion and inflammation of the intra-abdominal organs. Uterine rupture, colonic ruptures, and torsio uteri were seen in the pregnant mares. Stomach and intestinal ruptures were seen in four nonpregnant mares. High nitrate concentrations were determined in some grass and alfalfa samples used to feed the animals. Nitrate poisoning is considered to be very rare in horses, but, in this case, the clinical symptoms, postmortem findings, and nitrate levels in the collected samples supported nitrate and nitrite poisoning as the cause of deaths.     

The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading

Nitrate () leaching can cause elevated concentrations of ‐N in water, which can have adverse impacts on water quality and human health. In grazed pasture systems, most of the ‐N leaching occurs beneath animal urine‐N deposits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four different pasture species compositions [perennial ryegrass/white clover (P. ryegrass WC), tall fescue/white clover (T. fescue WC), Italian ryegrass/white clover (It. ryegrass WC) and perennial ryegrass/Italian ryegrass/white clover/red clover/chicory/plantain (Diverse)] on ‐N leaching losses from animal urine patches, and to examine the relative importance of root system architecture and seasonal activity to reduce ‐N leaching losses. The results show that ‐N leaching losses were 24–54% lower beneath It. ryegrass WC than other pasture species. Total dry matter (DM) yield in the season following establishment was 11–58% greater in the It. ryegrass WC pasture, while average winter daily N uptake rate of It. ryegrass WC over the two seasons was on average 58% greater than P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC. In the second season, the P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC pastures had up to 140 and 82% more roots between 0 and 40 cm depth, respectively, than the other pasture species compositions. These results suggest that in grazed pasture systems, high plant winter activity (plant growth/root metabolic activity) is more important than specific root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to reduce ‐N leaching losses.     

放牧强度对南方人工草地和绵羊生产性能的影响(简报)

放牧强度对草地生存环境和家畜生产性能关系密切^[1]。我国对放牧强度的研究集中于北方^[2],南方草地建设比较晚,尤其是南方人工草地相关研究比较少。本试验旨在探讨南方人工草地不同放牧强度与草地植物产量和放牧家畜生产性能之间的关系,为确定合理的载牧量提供参考依据。     

Pasture and forage crop systems for non-irrigated dairy farms in southern Australia. 1. Physical production and economic performance

The dairy industry in southern Australia relies on perennial ryegrass pasture to supply 60–70% of the diet of lactating cows. Improvements in the amount and quality of home-grown forage used for dairy cow feeding are critical for further productivity gains in the industry. A modeling approach was used to estimate the effects of changing the forage system on farm business profit. Base models (using 100% of farm area in perennial ryegrass pasture) were constructed for above-average (Top 40%) and high performing (Top 10%) farm types typical of two locations: Terang in southwest Victoria and Ellinbank in Gippsland, eastern Victoria. These models were then re-simulated using different forage base options such as: oversowing annual ryegrass, winter crops (annual ryegrass monoculture, winter cereal grown for whole crop silage), summer crops (grazing brassicas, maize), combinations of these (double cropping), or summer shoulder pasture (notionally based on tall fescue) on between 10% and 100% of farm area.     

牧草遗传连锁图谱构建研究概述

高密度分子连锁遗传图谱对分析植物遗传变异、标记目标性状、数量性状定位和分子辅助选择改良性状均具重要价值。由于大多数牧草的多倍性和高度异质特点,牧草遗传连锁图谱的构建相对复杂。目前,一定数量牧草的遗传连锁图谱已经产生。本文简要综述了牧草遗传图谱研究现状和常用策略,提出了构建高质量牧草遗传图谱的建议。     

Interactions between soil organic matter status, cropping history, method of quantification and sample pretreatment and their effects on measured aggregate stability

 The effects of sample pretreatment (field-moist, air-dried or tension rewetted) on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry were compared for a group of soil samples ranging in organic C content from 20 to 40 g C kg^–1. Concentrations of total N, total and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C were linearly related to those of organic C. Aggregate stability measured by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples and that measured by turbidimetry, regardless of sample pretreatment, increased curvilinearly with increasing soil organic C content. However, when tension-rewetted samples were used for wet sieving, aggregate stability was essentially unaffected by soil organic C content. Measurements of aggregate stability (apart from wet sieving using rewetted soils) were closely correlated with one another and with organic C, total and extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C content of the soils. The short-term effects of aggregate stability were also studied. Soils from under long-term arable management and those under long-term arable followed by 1 or 3 years under pasture had similar organic C contents, but aggregate stability measured by turbidimetry and by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples increased with increasing years under pasture. Light fraction C, microbial biomass and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate concentrations also increased. It was concluded that both total and labile soil organic C content are important in relation to water-stable aggregation and that the use of tension-rewetted samples to measure stability by wet sieving is unsatisfactory since little separation of values is achieved. Received: 6 January 1999